Fall-born Angus-cross steers (
n
=
30) from 1 of 2 sires, were randomly assigned to either an 85% corn, 7.5% cotton-seed hulls, and 7.5% vitamin/mineral/urea supplement diet (GRAIN), 100% ryegrass ...grazing (RG), or ryegrass grazing then the GRAIN diet for 94
d (RG/GRAIN). USDA Yield Grade of steers finished on either the GRAIN or RG/GRAIN regimens were higher (
P
<
0.02) compared to those finished on RG. Marbling score and USDA Quality Grade did not differ (
P
=
0.21 and 0.12, respectively) among the three finishing regimens. Yellowness (
b
∗) values of the subcutaneous fat from both strip loins (SL) and ribeye (RE) rolls was lowest (
P
<
0.05) in cuts taken from steers finished on GRAIN. Subcutaneous fat of both SL and RE had lower
L
∗ and hue angle values, and higher
a
∗ and
b
∗ values before trimming than after the fat was trimmed to 0.3
cm. Initial and sustained tenderness scores of SL from steers finished on GRAIN were higher when compared to RG/GRAIN or RG regimens (
P
<
0.05). Flavor intensity and beef flavor scores were higher (
P
<
0.05) for SL from GRAIN- or RG/GRAIN-finished steers compared to RG-finished steers. GRAIN SL had lower (
P
<
0.05) WBSF values than RG, but similar (
P
>
0.05) to RG/GRAIN. Trained sensory tenderness and flavor scores and WBSF values for RE were not affected by finishing regimen (
P
>
0.05). GRAIN steaks had a higher consumer overall acceptability score, average price/kg, and rank (
P
<
0.05). While carcass, fat, and sensory disadvantages were present in RG cattle, the overall magnitude of the differences compared to GRAIN cattle was fairly small.
Current egg washing practices use wash water temperatures averaging 49°C and have been found to increase internal egg temperature by 6.7 to 7.8°C. These high temperatures create a more optimal ...environment for bacterial growth, including Salmonella Enteritidis if it is present. Salmonella Enteritidis is the most common human pathogen associated with shell eggs and egg products. Its growth is inhibited at temperatures of 7.2°C and below. The objective of this study was to determine if commercially washing eggs in cool water would aid in quickly reducing internal egg temperature, preserving interior egg quality, and slowing microbial growth. During 3 consecutive days, eggs were washed using 4 dual-tank wash water temperature schemes (HH = 49°C, 49°C; HC = 49°C, 24°C; CC = 24°C, 24°C; CH = 24°C, 49°C) at 2 commercial processing facilities. A 10-wk storage study followed, in which vitelline membrane strength, Haugh unit, and aerobic microorganisms and fungi (yeasts and molds) were monitored weekly. As storage time progressed, average Haugh unit values declined 14.8%, the average force required to rupture the vitelline membrane decreased 20.6%, average numbers of bacteria present on shell surfaces decreased 11.3%, and bacteria present in egg contents increased 39.5% during storage. Wash water temperature did not significantly affect Haugh unit values, vitelline membrane strength, or the numbers of aerobic microorganisms and fungi within the shell matrices of processed eggs. Results of this study indicate that incorporating cool water into commercial shell egg processing, while maintaining a pH of 10 to 12, lowers postprocessing egg temperatures and allows for more rapid cooling, without causing a decline in egg quality or increasing the presence of aerobic microorganisms and fungi for approximately 5 wk postprocessing.
Repeatability of Warner‐Bratzler shear (WBS) force in beef loin strip steaks was determined using a small kitchen clam‐shell grill (GRILL), oven roasting (OVEN), or oven broiling (BROIL). Cooking ...time for the GRILL method (7.0 min) was shorter, and the OVEN method (22.8 min) was longer compared with the BROIL cooking method (17.5 min, P< 0.001). WBS values across all cooking methods ranged from 1.5 to 7.5 kg. Repeatability of WBS was relatively high for BROIL (r = 0.83), GRILL (r = 0.88), and OVEN (r = 0.88) cooking methods. Grilling beef loin steaks with an inexpensive clam‐shell grill is an acceptable method for cooking steaks for research purposes.
Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis has long been associated with eggs, and more recently, Salmonella enterica serotype Heidelberg has also become associated with eggs. This study was undertaken ...to determine whether Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Heidelberg are effectively eliminated from eggs by various cooking methods. Seven cooking methods were chosen--hard and soft cooked, scrambled, over easy, sunny-side up, poached, and free poached--and a pan insert and the free-flowing method were used. Shell eggs, purchased from a grocery store, were inoculated with Salmonella and cooked. The cooked eggs were analyzed by USDA-approved methods for Salmonella recovery. Findings indicated that existing cooking methods for the hard-cooked, soft-cooked, and poaching methods were safe. However, the same was not true for the current sunny-side-up, over-easy, and scrambled egg cooking methods.
The objective of this study was to determine if increasing hen age and 3 different molting treatments influenced the total microflora counts or the prevalence of Salmonella spp. on the exterior of ...the egg shell, within the interior shell, or in the contents. Eggs from Hy-Line W-98 and Bovans White layer strains were sampled approximately every 28 d from 70 to 114 wk of age, with the molting period from 66 to 70 wk of age. Layers were utilized from the 35th North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test and managed under identical husbandry practices. This study consisted of nonfasted, nonmolted, and feed-restricted treatments with the use of 135 eggs per layer strain, for a total of 270 eggs sampled per period. The exterior, interior shell, and contents were spiral plated onto plate count agar to calculate the total aerobic counts. Additional preenrichment, enrichment, conformational, and biochemical procedures were performed to test for the presence of Salmonella spp. Hen age and molting treatment significantly (P < 0.05) affected the microbial loads on all 3 egg components. Exterior, interior, yolk, and albumen counts increased during the molt period to as much as 1 log unit higher than the highest countable plate, which was 10⁵. Exterior, interior, and contents counts significantly increased (P < 0.05) during period 15, with a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the interior also in period 14, and in the contents in periods 14 and 17. There were a total of 360 egg pools, and of those, 4 were positive Salmonella samples. Both the interior and exterior shell components and 2 of the 3 molting treatments had positive samples. Of these positives, 4 were confirmed as Salmonella Braenderup. Three positives were associated with the interior component, whereas 1 positive was associated with the exterior shell component. Three of the 4 samples were related to the nonfasted treatment, whereas the remaining positive was found in the non-molted treatment.
Based on the full BABAR data sample, we report improved measurements of the ratios R(D(*))=B(B̄→D(*)τ⁻ν¯τ)/B(B̄→D(*)ll¯ν¯l), where l is either e or μ. These ratios are sensitive to new physics ...contributions in the form of a charged Higgs boson. We measure R(D)=0.440±0.058±0.042 and R(D*)=0.332±0.024±0.018, which exceed the standard model expectations by 2.0σ and 2.7σ, respectively. Taken together, our results disagree with these expectations at the 3.4σ level. This excess cannot be explained by a charged Higgs boson in the type II two-Higgs-doublet model.
Dark sectors charged under a new Abelian interaction have recently received much attention in the context of dark matter models. These models introduce a light new mediator, the so-called dark photon ...(A^{'}), connecting the dark sector to the standard model. We present a search for a dark photon in the reaction e^{+}e^{-}→γA^{'}, A^{'}→e^{+}e^{-}, μ^{+}μ^{-} using 514 fb^{-1} of data collected with the BABAR detector. We observe no statistically significant deviations from the standard model predictions, and we set 90% confidence level upper limits on the mixing strength between the photon and dark photon at the level of 10^{-4}-10^{-3} for dark photon masses in the range 0.02-10.2 GeV. We further constrain the range of the parameter space favored by interpretations of the discrepancy between the calculated and measured anomalous magnetic moment of the muon.
This paper details an investigation of shape memory alloy (SMA) filaments which are used to drive a flight control system with precision control in a real flight environment. An antagonistic SMA ...actuator was developed with an integrated demodulator circuit from a JR NES 911 subscale UAV actuator. Most SMA actuator studies concentrate on modeling the open-loop characteristics of such a system with full actuator performance modeling. This paper is a bit different in that it is very practically oriented and centered on development of a flight-capable system which solves the most tricky, practical problems associated with using SMA filaments for aircraft flight control. By using well-tuned feedback loops, it is shown that intermediate SMA performance prediction is not appropriate for flight control system (FCS) design. Rather, capturing the peak behavior is far more important, along with appropriate feedback loop design. To prove the system, an SMA actuator was designed and installed in the fuselage of a 2 m uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV) and used to control the rudder through slips and coordinated turns. The actuator was capable of 20 degrees of positive and negative deflection and was capable of 7.5 in-oz (5.29 N cm) of torque at a bandwidth of 2.8 Hz.
Although CP violation in the B meson system has been well established by the B factories, there has been no direct observation of time-reversal violation. The decays of entangled neutral B mesons ...into definite flavor states (B(0) or B(0)), and J/ψK(L)(0) or ccK(S)(0) final states (referred to as B(+) or B(-)), allow comparisons between the probabilities of four pairs of T-conjugated transitions, for example, B(0) → B(-) and B(-) → B(0), as a function of the time difference between the two B decays. Using 468 × 10(6) BB pairs produced in Υ(4S) decays collected by the BABAR detector at SLAC, we measure T-violating parameters in the time evolution of neutral B mesons, yielding ΔS(T)(+) = -1.37 ± 0.14(stat) ± 0.06(syst) and ΔS(T)(-) = 1.17 ± 0.18(stat) ± 0.11(syst). These nonzero results represent the first direct observation of T violation through the exchange of initial and final states in transitions that can only be connected by a T-symmetry transformation.
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