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•M. hapla J2s are attracted to plant roots treated with Me. brunneum conidia.•J2s are attracted to roots treated with low doses of 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone.•High doses of ...1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone kill or repel J2 M. hapla.•The VOCs 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone show promise as nematicides.
Root knot nematodes (RKNs) cause significant crop losses. Although RKNs and entomopathogenic fungi, such as Metarhizium brunneum, are associated with plant roots, very little is known about the interactions between these two organisms. This study showed that conidia and VOCs of Me. brunneum influenced the behaviour of M. hapla. The response was dependent on the fungal strain, VOC, concentration of both VOC and conidia, and time. Tomatoes planted in soil treated with the highest doses of conidia usually had a higher number of nematodes than untreated control plants. This was particularly obvious for Me. brunneum strain ARSEF 4556, 7 and 14-days post-treatment. The VOCs, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone, lured M. hapla to plants when used at low doses and repelled them at high doses. In Petri dish assays. the VOCs 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone, caused 100% mortality of M. hapla at the highest dose tested (20 µl). Very few live M. hapla were recovered from soil treated with the VOC 1-octen-3-ol, especially at the highest doses tested.
Metarhizium brunneum is a highly effective entomopathogenic fungus that also functions as a plant biostimulant. It can act as both an endophyte and rhizosphere colonizer; however, the mechanisms ...driving biostimulation are multifactorial. In this work, oilseed rape (Brassica napus) seeds were grown in composts treated with different concentrations of M. brunneum strains ARSEF 4556 or V275, or the M. brunneum-derived volatile organic compounds 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone. Biostimulation efficacy was found to be strongly dose dependent. Concentrations of 1 × 106 conidia g−1 compost were found to be most effective for the M. brunneum, whereas dosages of 1 µL 100 g−1 compost were found to be efficacious for the volatiles. These optimized doses were assessed individually and in combined formulations with a hydrogel against oilseed rape (Brassica napus), sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), maize (Zea mays) and strawberry (Fragaria annanassa). Both volatile compounds were highly effective biostimulants and were found to increase in biostimulatory efficiency when combined with M. brunneum conidia. Hydrogels were not found to interact with the growth process and may offer avenues for novel formulation technologies. This study demonstrates that Metarhizium-derived volatile organic compounds are actively involved in plant growth promotion and have potential for use in novel formulations to increase the growth of a wide range of commercially relevant crops.
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•Metarhizium VOCs, 1-octen-3-ol and 3 octanone, influence behaviour of EPN.•High doses of 1-octen-3-ol and 3 octanone repel or kill EPN infective juveniles.•Metarhizium volatiles ...reduce EPN infectivity of insect hosts.•Metarhizium VOCs immobilise or kill insects.•Volatiles affect reproduction of EPN inside host.
The entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Metarhizium brunneum occupies the same ecological niche as entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), with both competing for insects as a food source in the rhizosphere. Interactions between these biocontrol agents can be antagonistic or synergistic. To better understand these interactions, this study focussed on investigating the effect of M. brunneum volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone, on EPN survival and behaviour. These VOCs proved to be highly toxic to the infective juveniles (IJs) of the EPN Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora with mortality being dose dependent. Chemotaxis studies of H. bacteriophora IJs in Pluronic F127 gel revealed significant preference for the VOCs compared with controls for all tested concentrations. The VOCs also impacted on the test insects in a dose-dependent manner with 3-octanone being more toxic to Galleria mellonella, Cydia splendana and Curculio elephas larvae than 1-octen-3-ol. Mortality of C. splendana and G. mellonella larvae was significantly higher when exposed to relatively high doses (>25%) of 3-octanone. Lower doses of 3-octanone and 1-octen-3-ol immobilised test insects, which recovered after exposure to fresh air for 2 hrs. In depth studies on H. bacteriophora showed that exposure of IJs to > 10% concentration of 3-octanone or 1-octen-3-ol negatively affected infectivity whereas exposure to lower doses (0.1%, 0.01%) had no effect. The VOCs affected IJs, reducing penetration efficacy and the number of generations inside G. mellonella but they failed to inhibit the bacterial symbiont, Photorhabdus kayaii. The ecological significance of VOCs and how they could influence EPF-EPN insect interactions is discussed.
New pest management solutions are needed to control soil invertebrates (insects, nematodes, mollusks) in order to implement the goals of the European Green Deal. Natural volatile organic compounds ...(VOCs) such as 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone, emitted by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum could be part of the solution. Three major crop pests, Agriotes lineatus (wireworm), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (corn rootworm) and Phyllopertha horticola (garden chafer), were susceptible to fumigation with 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone. The toxicity of the VOCs was tested in soil-free arenas and in soils which differed in moisture content and porosity. The mortality rates were dependent on the interaction between the VOC treatment, dose and pest species. The insects differed in their sensitivity to these VOCs. A dose of 1.25 µl of 1-octen-3-ol applied in a closed glass tube was sufficient to kill D. v. virgifera and P. horticola in soil trials whereas 5 µl was needed to kill A. lineatus. The highest dose (20 µl) was highly toxic to all insects. Soil moisture content slightly influenced mortality rates whereas porosity had no obvious impact. The mode of action of the VOCs is unknown but the compounds are likely to cause tissue damage and loss of body fluids. This may explain the shrivelled appearance of corn rootworm and garden chafer and melanisation in wireworm. Both 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone show promise as biofumigants.
Purpose of Review
To summarize selected late-breaking science on cardiovascular (CV) disease prevention presented at the 2024 Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) ...conference.
Recent Findings
The LIBerate-HR trial showed the efficacy and safety of lerodalcibep, a subcutaneous injection that prevents binding of Pro-Protein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin (PCSK) 9 to low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptors resulting in LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering in patients at very high risk or high risk of atherosclerotic CV disease (ASCVD). The AEGIS-II randomized patients with type 1 myocardial infarction (MI) with multivessel coronary artery disease and additional CV risk factors and found no benefit in major adverse CV events (MACE) with CSL112, an apolipoprotein A1 infusion shown to increase cholesterol efflux capacity. The Bridge-TIMI 73a trial showed a significant reduction in triglyceride (TG) levels with olezarsen, an antisense mRNA, in patients with moderate hyperTG with elevated CV risk. The BE ACTIVE trial showed significant improvement in step counts in patients given behavioral and financial incentives. The DRIVE study showed a significant increase in the prescription of either sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at elevated CV or renal risk with a remote team-based, non-licensed navigator and clinical pharmacist approach. The TACTiC trial showed increased and sustained use of statin therapy by patient-driven use of a web-based portal that calculated the ASCVD risk score and gave prompts. The VICTORIAN-INITIATE trial showed efficacy and safety in early use of inclisiran in patients with ASCVD who did not reach target LDL-C < 70 mg/dL despite maximally tolerated statin therapy. The ARISE-HF trial showed no difference in change of peak oxygen consumption with the use of an oral aldose reductase inhibitor, AT-001, in patients with well-controlled T2DM and diabetic cardiomyopathy with high-risk features compared to placebo. The PREVENT trial showed a significant reduction in target vessel failure at 2 years in patients with non-flow limiting vulnerable plaques with percutaneous coronary intervention and optimal medical therapy (OMT) compared to OMT alone.
Summary
The late-breaking clinical science presented at the 2024 Scientific Session of the ACC paves the way for an evidence-based alternative to statin therapy and provides data on several common clinical scenarios encountered in daily practice.
Purpose of Review
Focused review highlighting ten select studies presented at the 2023 American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Sessions.
Recent Findings
Included studies assessed semaglutide and ...cardiovascular outcomes in overweight or obese patients without diabetes (SELECT); dapagliflozin in patients with acute myocardial infarction without diabetes (DAPA-MI); effects of dietary sodium on systolic blood pressure in middle-aged individuals (CARDIA-SSBP); long-term blood pressure control after hypertensive pregnancy with physician guided self-management (POP-HT); effect and safety of zilebesiran, an RNA interference therapy, for sustained blood pressure reduction (KARDIA-1); recaticimab add-on therapy in patients with non-familial hypercholesterolemia and mixed hyperlipidemia (REMAIN-2); efficacy and safety of lepodisiran an extended duration short-interfering RNA targeting lipoprotein(a); safety and pharmacodynamic effects of an investigational DNA base editing medicine that inactivates the PCSK9 gene and lowers LDL cholesterol (VERVE-101); automated referral to centralized pharmacy services for evidence-based statin initiation in high-risk patients; and effects of intensive blood pressure lowering in reducing risk of cardiovascular events (ESPRIT).
Summary
Research presented at the 2023 AHA Scientific Sessions emphasized innovative strategies in cardiovascular disease prevention and management.
Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools have experienced rapid development over the last decade and are gaining increasing popularity as assistive models in academic writing. However, the ...ability of AI to generate reliable and accurate research articles is a topic of debate. Major scientific journals have issued policies regarding the contribution of AI tools in scientific writing.
We conducted a review of the author and peer reviewer guidelines of the top 25 Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine journals as per the 2023 SCImago rankings. Data were obtained though reviewing journal websites and directly emailing the editorial office. Descriptive data regarding journal characteristics were coded on SPSS. Subgroup analyses of the journal guidelines were conducted based on the publishing company policies.
Our analysis revealed that all scientific journals in our study permitted the documented use of AI in scientific writing with certain limitations as per ICMJE recommendations. We found that AI tools cannot be included in the authorship or be used for image generation, and that all authors are required to assume full responsibility of their submitted and published work. The use of generative AI tools in the peer review process is strictly prohibited.
Guidelines regarding the use of generative AI in scientific writing are standardized, detailed, and unanimously followed by all journals in our study according to the recommendations set forth by international forums. It is imperative to ensure that these policies are carefully followed and updated to maintain scientific integrity.
While primary prevention strategies target individuals who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease, there is rising interest towards primordial prevention that focuses on preventing the ...development of risk factors upstream of disease detection. Therefore, we review the advantages of primordial prevention interventions on minimizing future cardiovascular events.PURPOSE OF REVIEWWhile primary prevention strategies target individuals who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease, there is rising interest towards primordial prevention that focuses on preventing the development of risk factors upstream of disease detection. Therefore, we review the advantages of primordial prevention interventions on minimizing future cardiovascular events.Primordial prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease involves behavioral, genetic, and environmental strategies, starting from fetal/infant health and continuing throughout childhood and young adulthood. Early interventions focusing on modifiable risk factors such as physical inactivity, non-ideal body weight, smoking, and environmental pollutants are important towards preventing the initial occurrence of risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes to ultimately reduce cardiovascular disease. Implementing primordial prevention strategies early on in life can minimize cardiovascular events and lead to healthy aging in the population. Future studies can further evaluate the effectiveness of various primordial prevention strategies.RECENT FINDINGSPrimordial prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease involves behavioral, genetic, and environmental strategies, starting from fetal/infant health and continuing throughout childhood and young adulthood. Early interventions focusing on modifiable risk factors such as physical inactivity, non-ideal body weight, smoking, and environmental pollutants are important towards preventing the initial occurrence of risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes to ultimately reduce cardiovascular disease. Implementing primordial prevention strategies early on in life can minimize cardiovascular events and lead to healthy aging in the population. Future studies can further evaluate the effectiveness of various primordial prevention strategies.
Synthesis of Observers for the Three Tank System Nasr, Ahlem; Khoja, Intissar; Ladhari, Taoufik ...
2023 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence & Green Energy (ICAIGE),
2023-Oct.-12
Conference Proceeding
In order to minimize the use of physical sensors, we opt to conceive soft sensors, called state observers that allow us to define some system's parameters. For instance, High gain observers provide ...powerful tools for the state estimation of nonlinear systems. Significantly, we tried to use the classical high gain observer and the fuzzy high gain observer based fuzzy supervisor to estimate the liquid level in the three-tank system.