The next generation of long-baseline neutrino experiments will be capable of precision measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters, precision neutrino-nucleus scattering, and unprecedented ...sensitivity to physics beyond the Standard Model. Reduced uncertainties in neutrino fluxes are necessary to achieve high precision and sensitivity in these future precise neutrino measurements. New measurements of hadron-nucleus interaction cross sections are needed to reduce uncertainties of neutrino fluxes. We report measurements of the differential cross-section as a function of scattering angle for proton-carbon interactions with a single charged particle in the final state at beam momenta of 20, 30, and 120 GeV/c. These measurements are the result of a beam test for EMPHATIC, a hadron-scattering and hadron-production experiment. The total, elastic and inelastic cross-sections are also extracted from the data and compared to previous measurements. These results can be used in current and future long-baseline neutrino experiments, and demonstrate the feasibility of future measurements by an upgraded EMPHATIC spectrometer.
2022 JINST 17 P02035 The Muon $g-2$ Experiment at Fermilab uses a gaseous straw tracking detector
to make detailed measurements of the stored muon beam profile, which are
essential for the experiment ...to achieve its uncertainty goals. Positrons from
muon decays spiral inward and pass through the tracking detector before
striking an electromagnetic calorimeter. The tracking detector is therefore
located inside the vacuum chamber in a region where the magnetic field is large
and non-uniform. As such, the tracking detector must have a low leak rate to
maintain a high-quality vacuum, must be non-magnetic so as not to perturb the
magnetic field and, to minimize energy loss, must have a low radiation length.
The performance of the tracking detector has met or surpassed the design
requirements, with adequate electronic noise levels, an average straw hit
resolution of $(110 \pm 20) \,\mu$m, a detection efficiency of 97% or higher,
and no performance degradation or signs of aging. The tracking detector's
measurements result in an otherwise unachievable understanding of the muon's
beam motion, particularly at early times in the experiment's measurement period
when there are a significantly greater number of muons decaying. This is vital
to the statistical power of the experiment, as well as facilitating the precise
extraction of several systematic corrections and uncertainties. This paper
describes the design, construction, testing, commissioning, and performance of
the tracking detector.
The Muon \(g-2\) Experiment at Fermilab uses a gaseous straw tracking detector to make detailed measurements of the stored muon beam profile, which are essential for the experiment to achieve its ...uncertainty goals. Positrons from muon decays spiral inward and pass through the tracking detector before striking an electromagnetic calorimeter. The tracking detector is therefore located inside the vacuum chamber in a region where the magnetic field is large and non-uniform. As such, the tracking detector must have a low leak rate to maintain a high-quality vacuum, must be non-magnetic so as not to perturb the magnetic field and, to minimize energy loss, must have a low radiation length. The performance of the tracking detector has met or surpassed the design requirements, with adequate electronic noise levels, an average straw hit resolution of \((110 \pm 20) \,\mu\)m, a detection efficiency of 97% or higher, and no performance degradation or signs of aging. The tracking detector's measurements result in an otherwise unachievable understanding of the muon's beam motion, particularly at early times in the experiment's measurement period when there are a significantly greater number of muons decaying. This is vital to the statistical power of the experiment, as well as facilitating the precise extraction of several systematic corrections and uncertainties. This paper describes the design, construction, testing, commissioning, and performance of the tracking detector.
Summary
Background
The impact of pregnancy on levels of biologic agents in patients with IBD is undefined and time to elimination in vedolizumab‐exposed infants is unknown.
Aims
To determine the ...effect of pregnancy on infliximab, adalimumab and vedolizumab levels and to study infant vedolizumab clearance
Methods
In a prospective observational study, maternal drug levels were measured pre‐conception, in each trimester, at delivery and postpartum. The association between drug levels and gestation in weeks was assessed using generalised estimating equation modelling. Infant vedolizumab levels were performed at birth (cord blood), 6 weeks and 3 months or until undetectable.
Results
We included 50 IBD patients (23 on infliximab, 15 on adalimumab and 12 on vedolizumab) with at least two intrapartum observations, plus 5 patients on vedolizumab with only mother and baby samples at delivery. Modelling showed no change in adalimumab levels, an increase in infliximab levels of 0.16 (95% CI 0.08‐0.24) µg/L/week (P < 0.001) and a decrease of 0.18 (95% CI: −0.33 to −0.02) µg/L/week (P = 0.03) for vedolizumab. In 17 mother‐baby pairs, median infant vedolizumab levels at birth were lower than maternal levels (P < 0.05) with an infant:maternal ratio of 0.7 (IQR 0.5‐0.9). Vedolizumab was undetectable between 15 and 16 weeks of age in all 12 infants completing follow‐up testing.
Conclusions
During pregnancy, adalimumab levels remain stable, while infliximab levels increase and vedolizumab levels decrease. However, the increments were small suggesting that intrapartum therapeutic drug monitoring and dose adjustment are not indicated. Unlike infliximab and adalimumab, infant vedolizumab levels are lower in cord blood than in mothers and appear to clear rapidly.
Aims
GFR estimated with the creatinine‐based Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPICr) equation is used to screen for diabetic kidney disease and assess its severity. We ...systematically reviewed the process and outcome of evaluating CKD‐EPICr in estimating point GFR or GFR decline over time in adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
Methods
In this systematic review, MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to August 2019. Observational studies comparing CKD‐EPICr with measured GFR (mGFR) in adults with diabetes were included. Studies on people with kidney transplant, non‐diabetes related kidney disease, pregnancy, potential kidney donors, and those with critical or other systematic illnesses were excluded. Two independent reviewers extracted data from published papers and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Risk‐of‐bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies‐2 tool. (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018108776).
Results
From the 2820 records identified, 29 studies (14 704 participants) were included. All studies were at risk of bias. Bias (eight different forms) ranged from −26 to 35 ml min−1 1.73 m−2; precision (five different forms) ranged between 9 and 63 ml min−1 1.73 m−2; accuracy (five different forms) ranged between 16% and 96%; the correlation coefficient between CKD‐EPICr and mGFR (four different forms) ranged between 0.38 and 0.86; and the reduced major axis regression slope ranged between 0.8 and 1.8.
Conclusions
Qualitative synthesis of data suggested CKD‐EPICr was inaccurate in estimating point GFR or GFR decline over time. Furthermore, a lack of consistency in the methods and processes of evaluating the diagnostic performance of CKD‐EPICr limits reliable quantitative assessment. The equation needs to be improved in adults with diabetes.
Objective: To document the characteristics and outcomes for patients with malignancies with or without diabetes at a tertiary referral hospital.
Research Design and Methods: Emergency department and ...hospital discharge data between 1 Jan 2015 and 31 Dec 2017 were used to identify patients with a diagnosis of a malignancy and diabetes. Multivariate Cox-regression models were used to estimate the effect of diabetes on all-cause mortality. A truncated negative binomial regression model was used to assess the impact of diabetes on length of hospital inpatient stay. Prentice, Williams and Peterson Total Time (PWP-TT) models were used to assess the effect of diabetes on number of Emergency Department presentations and inpatient admissions. Results are presented as incidence-rate ratios (IRR) or hazard ratios (HR). These models were adjusted for age, gender, type of malignancy and Charlson comorbidities.
Results: For 7,058 patients identified with malignancies, 1,230(17.4%) were also diagnosed with diabetes. During the three-year study period a diagnosis of diabetes was associated with an increased number of inpatient admissions (adjusted Hazard Ratio (adjHR): 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.25), increased number of emergency department presentations (adjHR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.28) and length of stay for patients with diabetes (adjIRR: 1.16, 95% C.I: 1.06, 1.28). A co-diagnosis of diabetes was also associated with a 48% increased risk of all-cause mortality (adjHR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.23-1.77).
Conclusions: Patients with diabetes had significantly higher numbers of emergency department presentations, inpatient admissions, length of hospital stay and higher rates of all-cause mortality compared to cancer patients without diabetes. This adverse link between diabetes and health outcomes in patients with malignancies requires further exploration.
Disclosure
K.V. Kiburg: None. G. Ward: None. K.M. Steele: None. E.M. Mulrooney: None. M.M. Loh: None. S. McLachlan: None. V. Sundararajan: None. R. MacIsaac: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk Inc. Speaker's Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk Inc. Other Relationship; Self; AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk Inc.
Funding
Australian Government Research Training Program (to K.V.K.)
The MuCap experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute has measured the rate Λ(S) of muon capture from the singlet state of the muonic hydrogen atom to a precision of 1%. A muon beam was stopped in a ...time projection chamber filled with 10-bar, ultrapure hydrogen gas. Cylindrical wire chambers and a segmented scintillator barrel detected electrons from muon decay. Λ(S) is determined from the difference between the μ(-) disappearance rate in hydrogen and the free muon decay rate. The result is based on the analysis of 1.2 × 10(10) μ(-) decays, from which we extract the capture rate Λ(S) = (714.9 ± 5.4(stat) ± 5.1(syst)) s(-1) and derive the proton's pseudoscalar coupling g(P)(q(0)(2) = -0.88 m(μ)(2)) = 8.06 ± 0.55.
Aim
To compare the characteristics of and outcomes for people with malignancies with and without a co‐diagnosis of diabetes.
Methods
Emergency department and hospital discharge data from a single ...centre for the period between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2017 were used to identify people with a diagnosis of a malignancy and diabetes. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to estimate the effect of diabetes on all‐cause mortality. A truncated negative binomial regression model was used to assess the impact of diabetes on length of hospital inpatient stay. Prentice–Williams–Peterson total time models were used to assess the effect of diabetes on number of emergency department re‐presentations and inpatient re‐admissions.
Results
Of 7004 people identified with malignancies, 1195 (17.1%) were also diagnosed with diabetes. A diagnosis of diabetes was associated with a greater number of inpatient re‐admissions adjusted hazard ratio 1.13 (95% CI 1.03, 1.24), a greater number of emergency department re‐presentations adjusted hazard ratio 1.13 (95% CI 1.05, 1.22) and longer length of stay adjusted incidence rate ratio 1.14 (95% CI 1.04, 1.25). A co‐diagnosis of diabetes was also associated with a 48% increased risk of all‐cause mortality adjusted hazard ratio 1.48 (95% CI 1.22–1.76).
Conclusions
People with malignancies and diabetes had significantly more emergency department presentations, more inpatient admissions, longer length of hospital stay and higher rates of all‐cause mortality compared to people with a malignancy without diabetes.
What's new?
It has been shown that a diagnosis of diabetes is associated with an increased risk of the development and progression of malignancies, and of mortality in people with malignancies, a number of suggested explanations for which include hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia.
The findings of the present study highlight the increased risk of emergency department presentatios, inpatient admission, longer length of hospital stay and all‐cause mortality associated with a diagnosis of diabetes and malignancy.
This work emphasizes the importance of avoiding diabetes, and highlights that people who have already developed diabetes and have a co‐diagnosis of a malignancy represent a high‐risk group that may benefit from additional treatment strategies.
We report a measurement of the positive muon lifetime to a precision of 1.0 ppm; it is the most precise particle lifetime ever measured. The experiment used a time-structured, low-energy muon beam ...and a segmented plastic scintillator array to record more than 2×10(12) decays. Two different stopping target configurations were employed in independent data-taking periods. The combined results give τ(μ(+)) (MuLan)=2 196 980.3(2.2) ps, more than 15 times as precise as any previous experiment. The muon lifetime gives the most precise value for the Fermi constant: G(F) (MuLan)=1.166 378 8(7)×10(-5) GeV(-2) (0.6 ppm). It is also used to extract the μ(-)p singlet capture rate, which determines the proton's weak induced pseudoscalar coupling g(P).
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