In this study, it is demonstrated that CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) can enhance the overall performances of photomultiplication‐type organic photodiodes (PM‐OPDs). The proposed approach ...enables the ionic‐polarizable CsPbBr3 NCs to be evenly distributed throughout the depletion region of Schottky junction interface, allowing the entire trapped electrons within the depletion region to be stabilized, in contrast to previously reported interface‐limited strategies. The optimized CsPbBr3‐NC‐embedded poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐diyl)‐based PM‐OPDs exhibit exceptionally high external quantum efficiency, specific detectivity, and gain–bandwidth product of 2,840,000%, 3.97 × 1015 Jones, and 2.14 × 107 Hz, respectively. 2D grazing‐incidence X–ray diffraction analyses and drift–diffusion simulations combined with temperature‐dependent J–V characteristic analyses are conducted to investigate the physics behind the success of CsPbBr3‐NC‐embedded PM‐OPDs. The results show that the electrostatic interactions generated by the ionic polarization of NCs effectively stabilize the trapped electrons throughout the entire volume of the photoactive layer, thereby successfully increasing the effective energy depth of the trap states and allowing efficient PM mechanisms. This study demonstrates how a hybrid‐photoactive‐layer approach can further enhance PM‐OPD when the functionality of inorganic inclusions meets the requirements of the target device.
A hybrid approach of embedding perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) into photoactive layers of photomultiplication‐type organic photodiodes (PM‐OPDs) is proposed. Embedded perovskite NCs polarize via migration of their constituting ions in the presence of an external applied bias and supply electrostatic interactions to trapped electrons over the entire volume of the photoactive layer, thereby resulting in ultrahigh performances of the optimized PM‐OPD.
Abstract Objective To examine the association between feeding practices and both fruit and vegetable intakes of preschoolers. Design Cross-sectional; data collected from 2009 to 2010. Setting Child ...care centers enrolled in the cohort of the Synergistic Theory and Research on Obesity and Nutrition Group Kids program. Participants Three hundred and sixteen mother–child dyads were recruited in the baseline survey as primary caregivers of children aged 2–5 years. Main Outcome Measures Ten aspects of maternal feeding practices were measured using a Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire. The frequency of children's fruit and vegetable consumption was estimated by mothers. Analysis Spearman's rank order correlation and linear regression analysis between parental feeding practices and both fruit and vegetable consumption were adjusted for potential confounders. Pearson's correlation coefficients among 10 parental feeding practices were calculated. Results Children in the study consumed fruit 1.7 ± 0.9 times per day and vegetables 1.4 ± 0.8 times per day. Feeding practices of building a healthy home food environment and involvement were positively related and those of restriction for health were negatively related to children's vegetable consumption ( P < .001); moreover, encouraging balance and variety and monitoring were positively related to children's fruit consumption ( P < .001). Conclusions and Implications The results of this study suggest that both fruit and vegetable intakes of preschool children are more likely to increase if parents employ feeding practices that encourage child autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
Carefully designed geometries and materials can program desired shapes. In this review, we introduce shape-transformable materials and their recent applications in electronic devices and robots. ...Strain-guiding shape transformation can be achieved by geometry design or materials design, which can program the magnitude and direction of strain to develop desired shapes. For the geometry design, we discuss
origami
and
kirigami
, which transform 2D sheet materials into desired 3D shapes via local deformations caused by fold creases and cut openings. The desired shape can be programmed by controlling the length and alignment of folds or cuts. For the material design, heterogeneities in materials can develop strain driven shape transformation. Heterogeneities in materials include those in anisotropic materials, graded materials, or mixtures of different materials. Shape-transformable materials can be prepared by introducing heterogeneities into stimuli-responsive materials, including inflatable materials, shape memory polymers, liquid crystal elastomers, and hydrogels. The development of shape-transformable materials has led to innovations in energy storage devices, displays, sensors, epidermal electronics, actuators, and robots.
Graphical abstract
This study examines how extracurricular activity experiences affect students' leadership development outcomes. Students' leadership development outcomes are analyzed depend on general characteristics ...and collegiate/pre-collegiate experiences of extracurricular activities. The correlation to the individual, group, and community values of leadership development was analyzed. The study utilized the Social Change Model and Socially Responsible Leadership Scale (SRLS-R2). Data was analyzed from college students (N=706) using quantitative methodology. The results indicated students who participated in extracurricular activities while in college and high school scored relatively higher in each individual, group, and community value (p<0.05). Gender and class level were significantly associated with student leadership development. Specifically, women had relatively higher leadership development than men in congruence, commitment, and citizenship. Also, senior students scored higher than sophomores in individual and community values, showing significant differences. This study guides educational leaders to amplify student participation opportunities that positively affect their leadership development. Educators should consider multifaceted approaches to enhance students' leadership and a substantively deeper understanding of the latent benefits and patterns of student involvement in extracurricular activities.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted the medical, social, and reproductive health of millions of people since its outbreak. The causative virus transmits, reproduces, and ...manifests through the respiratory tract. COVID-19 can invade any system of the body, including the cardiovascular and endocrine systems, through a secondary immune response. In particular, because the fatality rate is high in those over the age of 50 years, special attention is required during the medical care of this population. However, considering the benefit of therapy and the risk of COVID-19, high-quality evidence regarding individualized management in relation to hormone therapy is still insufficient in the field of gynecology. Furthermore, this review aims to serve as a reference for clinical application by analyzing and summarizing the results of studies reported to date regarding female hormone therapy in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Peracetic acid (PAA) is increasingly used as an alternative disinfectant and its advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) could be useful for pollutant degradation. Co(II) or Co(III) can activate PAA to ...produce acetyloxyl (CH3C(O)O•) and acetylperoxyl (CH3C(O)OO•) radicals with little •OH radical formation, and Co(II)/Co(III) is cycled. For the first time, this study determined the reaction rates of PAA with Co(II) (k PAA,Co(II) = 1.70 × 101 to 6.67 × 102 M–1·s–1) and Co(III) (k PAA,Co(III) = 3.91 × 100 to 4.57 × 102 M–1·s–1) ions over the initial pH 3.0–8.2 and evaluated 30 different aromatic organic compounds for degradation by Co/PAA. In-depth investigation confirmed that CH3C(O)OO• is the key reactive species under Co/PAA for compound degradation. Assessing the structure–activity relationship between compounds’ molecular descriptors and pseudo-first-order degradation rate constants (k′PAA• in s–1) by Co/PAA showed the number of ring atoms, E HOMO, softness, and ionization potential to be the most influential, strongly suggesting the electron transfer mechanism from aromatic compounds to the acetylperoxyl radical. The radical production and compound degradation in Co/PAA are most efficient in the intermediate pH range and can be influenced by water matrix constituents of bicarbonate, phosphate, and humic acids. These results significantly improve the knowledge regarding the acetylperoxyl radical from PAA and will be useful for further development and applications of PAA-based AOPs.
The fast and intense proliferative responses have been well documented for naïve T cells adoptively transferred into chronic lymphopenic hosts. This response known as spontaneous proliferation (SP), ...unlike antigen-independent lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP), is driven in a manner dependent on antigens derived from commensal microbiota. However, the precise nature of the SP response and its impact on homeostasis and function for T cells rapidly responding under this lymphopenic condition are still unclear. Here we demonstrate that, when naïve T cells were adoptively transferred into specific pathogen-free (SPF) but not germ-free (GF) RAG
hosts, the SP response of these cells substantially affects the intensity and tempo of the responding T cells undergoing LIP. Therefore, the resulting response of these cells in SPF RAG
hosts was faster and stronger than the typical LIP response observed in irradiated B6 hosts. Although the intensity and tempo of such augmented LIP in SPF RAG
hosts were analogous to those of antigen-dependent SP, the former was independent of antigenic stimulation but most importantly, dependent on IL-2. Similar observations were also apparent in other acute lymphopenic settings where antigen-dependent T cell activation can strongly occur and induce sufficient levels of IL-2 production. Consequently, the resulting T cells undergoing IL-2-driven strong proliferative responses showed the ability to differentiate into functional effector and memory cells that can control infectious pathogens. These findings therefore reveal previously unappreciated role of IL-2 in driving the intense form of T cell proliferative responses in chronic lymphopenic hosts.
In the field of wastewater treatment, the advanced oxidation process (AOP) is a widely employed method. It uses reactive oxygen species (ROS) to degrade harmful organic and inorganic chemicals. Metal ...catalysts are the conventional standard when using these methods. However, they have drawbacks such as harsh activation conditions and poor recyclability. We previously suggested chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene film as an alternative metal-free catalyst. In this study, we enhanced the catalytic activity of the CVD graphene film by synergistically adding UV light irradiation. The result was complete degradation of phenol on a wafer-scale in a reduced timeframe. To further enhance the degradation process, we devised a graphene-based column for continuous in situ chemical oxidation and analyzed the intermediates over time, proving the potential of graphene-assisted AOP in industrial wastewater applications.
Numerous attempts have been made to devise treatments for ischemic foot ulcer (IFU), which is one of the most severe and fatal consequences of diabetes mellitus (DM). Pericytes, which are ...perivascular multipotent cells, are of interest as a treatment option for IFU because they play a critical role in forming and repairing various tissues. In this study, we want to clarify the angiogenic potential of pericytes in DM-induced wounds.
We evaluated pericyte stimulation capability for tube formation, angiogenesis, and wound healing (cell migration) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with
and
models of high glucose conditions.
When HUVECs were co-cultured with pericytes, their tube-forming capacity and cell migration were enhanced. Our diabetic mouse model showed that pericytes promote wound healing
increased vascularization.
The findings of this study indicate that pericytes may enhance wound healing in high glucose conditions, consequently making pericyte transplantation suitable for treating IFUs.
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