Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex condition that appears as a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, and is closely associated with the prevalence of various diseases. Early prediction of the risk ...of MetS in the middle-aged population provides greater benefits for cardiovascular disease-related health outcomes. This study aimed to apply the latest machine learning techniques to find the optimal MetS prediction model for the middle-aged Korean population.
We retrieved 20 data types from the Korean Medicine Daejeon Citizen Cohort, a cohort study on a community-based population of adults aged 30-55 years. The data included sex, age, anthropometric data, lifestyle-related data, and blood indicators of 1991 individuals. Participants satisfying two (pre-MetS) or ≥ 3 (MetS) of the five NECP-ATP III criteria were included in the MetS group. MetS prediction used nine machine learning models based on the following algorithms: Decision tree, Gaussian Naïve Bayes, K-nearest neighbor, eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest, logistic regression, support vector machine, multi-layer perceptron, and 1D convolutional neural network. All analyses were performed by sequentially inputting the features in three steps according to their characteristics. The models' performances were compared after applying the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) to resolve data imbalance.
MetS was detected in 33.85% of the subjects. Among the MetS prediction models, the tree-based random forest and XGBoost models showed the best performance, which improved with the number of features used. As a measure of the models' performance, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) increased by up to 0.091 when the SMOTE was applied, with XGBoost showing the highest AUC of 0.851. Body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio were identified as the most important features in the MetS prediction models for this population.
Tree-based machine learning models were useful in identifying MetS with high accuracy in middle-aged Koreans. Early diagnosis of MetS is important and requires a multidimensional approach that includes self-administered questionnaire, anthropometric, and biochemical measurements.
We made Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) thin film solar cell using spray pyrolysis. The photo-absorber CZTSe was fabricated by post-selenization of sprayed Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) film, and In2S3, which was adapted as a ...buffer layer, was also deposited by spray pyrolysis. The sprayed CZTS films were annealed at 530°C for 15min and 25min in Se vapor ambient, and through the selenization CZTS films were converted to CZTSe films. These re-crystallized CZTSe films were used as the photo-absorber of solar cell. Conversion efficiency of 2.39% was obtained with 25min annealed CZTSe, whereas 0.27% conversion efficiency was obtained with 15min annealed one. By comparing characterization results for both solar cells, it might be concluded that the conversion efficiency was dominated by the selenization condition of the photo-absorber layer which affected crystal quality of the photo-absorber.
•We made Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) solar cell by using spray pyrolysis.•CZTSe absorber and In2S3 buffer layers were sprayed in air ambient.•The fabricated CZTSe solar showed conversion efficiency of 2.39%.
Accurate genome-wide detection of somatic mutations with low variant allele frequency (VAF, <1%) has proven difficult, for which generalized, scalable methods are lacking. Herein, we describe a new ...computational method, called RePlow, that we developed to detect low-VAF somatic mutations based on simple, library-level replicates for next-generation sequencing on any platform. Through joint analysis of replicates, RePlow is able to remove prevailing background errors in next-generation sequencing analysis, facilitating remarkable improvement in the detection accuracy for low-VAF somatic mutations (up to ~99% reduction in false positives). The method is validated in independent cancer panel and brain tissue sequencing data. Our study suggests a new paradigm with which to exploit an overwhelming abundance of sequencing data for accurate variant detection.
Five- and six-coordinate cationic bis(phosphine) cobalt(III) metallacycle complexes were synthesized with the general structures, (depe)Co(cycloneophyl)(L)(L′)BArF 4 (depe = ...1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane; cycloneophyl = κ-C:C-(CH2C(Me)2)C6H4; L/L′ = pyridine, pivalonitrile, or the vacant site, BAr4 F = B(3,5-(CF3)2)C6H34). Each of these compounds promoted facile directed C(sp2)–H activation with exclusive selectivity for ortho-alkylated products, consistent with the selectivity of reported cobalt-catalyzed arene-alkene-alkyne coupling reactions. The direct observation of C–H activation by cobalt(III) metallacycles provided experimental support for the intermediacy of these compounds in this class of catalytic C–H functionalization reaction. Deuterium labeling and kinetic studies provided insight into the nature of C–H bond cleavage and C–C bond reductive elimination from isolable cobalt(III) precursors.
The frost damage resistance of blast-furnace slag (BFS) cement is affected by carbonation. Hence, this study investigates the carbonation properties of pastes incorporating BFS with different ...replacement ratios, such as 15%, 45%, and 65% by weight, and different curing conditions, including air and carbonation. The BFS replacement ratio properties, determined by the Ca/Si ratio of calcium silicate hydrate in the cement paste sample, were experimentally investigated using mercury intrusion porosimetry, X-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis. The experimental investigation of the pore structure revealed that total porosity decreased after carbonation. In addition, the porosity decreased at a higher rate as the BFS replacement rate increased. Results obtained from this study show that the chemical change led to the higher replacement rate of BFS, which produced a higher amount of vaterite. In addition, the lower the Ca/Si ratio, the higher the amount of calcium carbonate originating from calcium silicate hydrate rather than from calcium hydroxide. As a result of the pore structure change, the number of ink-bottle pores was remarkably reduced by carbonation. Comparing the pore structure change in air-cured and carbonation test specimens, it was found that as the replacement rate of BFS increased, the number of pores with a diameter of 100 nm or more also increased. The higher the replacement rate of BFS, the higher the amount of calcium carbonate produced compared with the amount of calcium hydroxide produced during water curing. Due to the generation of calcium carbonate and the change in pores, the overall number of pores decreased as the amount of calcium carbonate increased.
Abstract Stretchable organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have emerged as promising optoelectronic devices with exceptional degree of freedom in form factors. However, stretching OLEDs often results ...in a reduction in the geometrical fill factor (FF), that is the ratio of an active area to the total area, thereby limiting their potential for a broad range of applications. To overcome these challenges, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) architecture adopting a hidden active area that serves a dual role as both an emitting area and an interconnector. For this purpose, an ultrathin OLED is first attached to a 3D rigid island array structure through quadaxial stretching for precise, deformation-free alignment. A portion of the ultrathin OLED is concealed by letting it ‘fold in’ between the adjacent islands in the initial, non-stretched condition and gradually surfaces to the top upon stretching. This design enables the proposed stretchable OLEDs to exhibit a relatively high FF not only in the initial state but also after substantial deformation corresponding to a 30% biaxial system strain. Moreover, passive-matrix OLED displays that utilize this architecture are shown to be configurable for compensation of post-stretch resolution loss, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed approach in realizing the full potential of stretchable OLEDs.
Color change was compared through artificial and outdoor weathering tests according to wood species and stain type. In the artificial weathering tests, the color change DE was the highest for the ...initial 200 hour, and teak solvent-based stain was the most effective in preventing color change. Outdoor weathering tests also showed a rapid color change until the initial 60 days, and the uncoated larch specimens exhibited graying after 120 days. Teak solvent-based stain had the highest preventing color effect, whereas water-based white semi-transparent stain had the highest contact angle. It is difficult to check the color change of wood due to the addition of pigment in teak, as its resistance to moisture is rapidly reduced and its surface protection effect is poor. Water-based white semi-transparent stain prevented color change and maintained a contact angle of 57.1° for up to 150 days, confirming the effect of moisture resistance. This study aimed to provide basic data on weather resistance by wood species and to suggest that the development direction of outdoor exposed wood is a water-based semi-transparent stain.
Small rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are often managed with local resection (endoscopic or transanal excision) owing to their low risk of metastasis and recurrence. However, the clinical ...significance of lymphovascular invasion in resected specimens remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to analyze the frequency of and risk factors for lymph node metastasis proven by histopathologic examination after radical resection.
We retrospectively reviewed the records of 750 patients diagnosed with a rectal NET at four academic medical centers in South Korea between 2001 and 2019. The frequency of histopathologically proven lymph node metastasis and the associated risk factors were analyzed for small tumors (≤1.5 cm) with lymphovascular invasion.
Among 750 patients, 75 had a small tumor (≤1.5 cm) with lymphovascular invasion, of whom 31 patients underwent endoscopic resection only and 44 patients underwent additional radical surgery. Among the 41 patients who underwent surgery and had available data, the rate of regional lymph node metastasis was 48.8% (20/41). In multivariate analysis, the Ki-67 index (odds ratio, 6.279; 95% confidence interval, 1.212 to 32.528; p=0.029) was an independent risk factor for lymph node metastasis. During the mean follow-up period of 37.7 months, only one case of recurrence was detected in the surgery group. The overall survival was not significantly different between radical resection and local resection (p=0.332).
Rectal NETs with lymphovascular invasion showed a significantly high rate of regional lymph node metastasis despite their small size (≤1.5 cm).
•The effects of alkaline earth metal (Ca, Sr, Ba) doping on garnet LLZO were investigated.•Successful substitution of alkaline earth metals into the La site of LLZO was achieved.•Alkaline earth metal ...doping did not show a significant effect on Li-distribution.•Ba doping led to lower resistance at grain boundary and enhanced ionic conductivity.•The highest ionic conductivity was obtained with Ba doping due to its largest ionic radius among the doped elements.
The garnet Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO) has gained significant attention as a promising solid electrolytes for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. However, the cubic phase of LLZO, which offers better ionic conductivity compared to the tetragonal phase, is thermodynamically unstable under ambient conditions. We synthesized and investigated ternary-doped LLZO to stabilize the cubic phase and enhance its ionic conductivity. The effects of doping on the crystal structure, microstructure, and ionic conductivity were characterized by various measurement techniques. The results reveal successful incorporation of the ternary-doped elements into the cubic garnet structure without formation of secondary phases. Specifically, the introduction of alkaline earth metals with increased ionic radius resulted in an expansion of the crystal lattice and enhanced microstructure. These beneficial effects of doping led to the highest ionic conductivity of 4.29 × 10-4S cm−1 for Li6.45Ga0.133La2.95Ba0.05Zr1.8Ta0.2O12with a relative density of 94.63%.