Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical to initiation and perpetuation of disease in multiple sclerosis (MS). We report an interaction between oligodendroglia and vasculature in MS ...that distinguishes human white matter injury from normal rodent demyelinating injury. We find perivascular clustering of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in certain active MS lesions, representing an inability to properly detach from vessels following perivascular migration. Perivascular OPCs can themselves disrupt the BBB, interfering with astrocyte endfeet and endothelial tight junction integrity, resulting in altered vascular permeability and an associated CNS inflammation. Aberrant Wnt tone in OPCs mediates their dysfunctional vascular detachment and also leads to OPC secretion of Wif1, which interferes with Wnt ligand function on endothelial tight junction integrity. Evidence for this defective oligodendroglial-vascular interaction in MS suggests that aberrant OPC perivascular migration not only impairs their lesion recruitment but can also act as a disease perpetuator via disruption of the BBB.
Catalytic lactam synthesis was achieved directly from lactones and amines using an Ir catalyst. Three sequential transformationsaminolysis of lactone, N-alkylation of amine with hydroxyamide, and ...intramolecular transamidation of aminoamideafforded the corresponding N-substituted lactams.
The first photoinduced copper(I)‐catalyzed cyanation of aromatic halides at room temperature has been developed. The sp2 cyanation reaction exhibits outstanding tolerance to functional groups ...including primary amines and carboxylic acids, and chemoselectivity to SN2‐reactive alkyl chlorides. Mechanistic investigations indicate that the reaction occurs via a single‐electron transfer (SET) between the aryl halide and an excited copper(I) cyanide catalytic intermediate.
•An equilibrium state for a glass melt was characterized and established.•Oxygen activity measurements of the melt in a ceramic crucible were less reliable.•Potentiometry and voltammetry were ...conducted sequentially at the same equilibrium state.•Actual redox ratio of Sn2+/Sn4+ in the melt was determined from oxygen activity and voltammograms.
Over the last three decades many studies have reported the investigation of the redox behaviour of multivalent elements (M) in glass melts by voltammetry. In these works the redox ratio at any temperature, described as (Mx+/M(x+n)+) or the concentration %Mx+, was determined under the assumption that the melt was equilibrated with air (PO2 = 0.21 bar). Some potentiometric studies have reported the determination of PO2 in glass melts, however no significant attempts have been made to determine the actual redox ratio using a measured PO2 combined with a corresponding voltammogram. Herein, potentiometry and square wave voltammetry of alkali-lean alumino-borosilicate E-model glass melts doped with Sn were performed sequentially at the same equilibrium state. The actual redox ratios of the main pair, Sn2+/Sn4+, derived from the peak potential and oxygen activity, were higher than those at PO2 = 0.21 bar. The temperature dependence of the values converted to %Sn2+ showed that the actual concentration of Sn2+ in the melts was 3–6% higher than expected at PO2 = 0.21 bar. These results are discussed in terms of the fining behaviour of melts.
Central nervous system B cells have several potential roles in multiple sclerosis (MS): secretors of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, presenters of autoantigens to T cells, producers of ...pathogenic antibodies, and reservoirs for viruses that trigger demyelination. To interrogate these roles, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) was performed on paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood from subjects with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; n = 12), other neurologic diseases (ONDs; n = 1), and healthy controls (HCs; n = 3). Single-cell immunoglobulin sequencing (scIg-Seq) was performed on a subset of these subjects and additional RRMS (n = 4), clinically isolated syndrome (n = 2), and OND (n = 2) subjects. Further, paired CSF and blood B cell subsets (RRMS; n = 7) were isolated using fluorescence activated cell sorting for bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Independent analyses across technologies demonstrated that nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways were activated, and specific cytokine and chemokine receptors were up-regulated in CSF memory B cells. Further, SMAD/TGF-β1 signaling was down-regulated in CSF plasmablasts/plasma cells. Clonally expanded, somatically hypermutated IgM+ and IgG1+ CSF B cells were associated with inflammation, blood–brain barrier breakdown, and intrathecal Ig synthesis. While we identified memory B cells and plasmablast/plasma cells with highly similar Ig heavy-chain sequences across MS subjects, similarities were also identified with ONDs and HCs. No viral transcripts, including from Epstein–Barr virus, were detected. Our findings support the hypothesis that in MS, CSF B cells are driven to an inflammatory and clonally expanded memory and plasmablast/plasma cell phenotype.
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•Vinyl-, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide-, and acetal functionalized additive was proposed.•The AF-additive can make robust SEI layers before carbonate-solvent decomposition.•The AF-additive ...makes inorganic-species abundant SEI layers at the Li interface.•Even in the carbonate-based electrolyte, the AF-additive gives even SEI layers.•AF-additive offers improved cycling retention in Li/Li and Li/NCM cells.
Li metal has received noticeable interest as a post-anode material, however, many critical hurdles remain in its application in conventional batteries. Herein, we have designed and prepared an additive, the AF, that is functionalized by three individual functional groups: vinyl-, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide-, and acetal functional groups. The AF-additive promotes forming solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers at the Li metal interface via electrochemical reduction at a higher potential than that found in the carbonate-based electrolyte, which is predominately composed of inorganic species, such as lithium fluoride, rather than polycarbonate. The ionic conductivity of the electrolyte with the AF-additive is well retained even when the amount of AF-additive is increased because the acetal functional group may form acetal–Li+ complexes, which encourages Li+ migration. The AF-additive controlled electrolyte offers improved cycling retention in the both Li/Li symmetric cell and Li/NCM cell because the AF-additive not only effectively suppresses electrolyte decomposition at the interface of Li metal but also inhibits the formation of Li dendrites based on enhanced Li metal stability.
Polymeric micelles have been widely used as ideal drug-delivery vehicles with unique advantages. However, fine tuning of the degradation rates of micelles over a wide time frame remains challenging. ...Herein, we designed and synthesized a novel pH-responsive, hydrophobic epoxide monomer, tetrahydrofuranyl glycidyl ether (TFGE), carrying an acetal group as a cleavable linkage. The hydrolysis kinetics of TFGE was carefully evaluated with representative functional epoxide monomers, such as 1-ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether and tetrahydropyranyl glycidyl ether, via in situ 1H NMR spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations. Interestingly, the hydrolysis kinetics and the associated energy barrier were closely related not only to the cyclic/acyclic structure of the monomers but also to their hydrophobicity. Subsequently, a series of amphiphilic block copolymers (mPEG-b-PTFGE) were synthesized via anionic ring-opening polymerization and the self-assembled polymeric micelles were evaluated with respect to critical micelle concentration, encapsulation efficiency, drug release, and cell viability. Most notably, the release kinetics of the model compound from polymeric micelles exhibited a different trend, confirming the critical role of hydrophobicity in governing the pH-responsive hydrolysis of the polymeric micelles. This study provides new insights applicable to the design of functional monomers for tailoring the release profiles of polymeric micelles for smart drug delivery.
Alkali free alumino-borosilicate display glasses that serve as the window in a TFT-LCD (hereafter LCD) device not only have few impurities but also high homogeneity to guarantee the quality of the ...display. These characteristics of LCD glasses enable the possibility of recycling LCD glass cullet as a raw material for commercial soda lime silicate glasses from the perspectives of the raw material costs and the energy saving. In the present work, several batches containing LCD cullet for two commercial model glasses were prepared and melted in the laboratory. According to several properties of the melts and the glasses, there was no serious change in the properties with up to 9 wt% replacement of the flint glass and 11 wt% replacement of the low iron flat glass by the LCD cullet. Currently, LCD cullet is being used successfully in a number of industrial plants for the production of flint glass in Korea. Two-thirds of flint bottle glasses contain B2O3 component derived from LCD cullet.
•Application of LCD cullet as raw material of commercial glasses was examined.•Crystalline raw materials such as feldspar were replaced by LCD cullet.•Overall melt properties showed no serious change.•Water resistance and spectral transmission of glass were rather improved.•LCD cullet is being used in a number of flint bottle glass plants in Korea.
Due to the drastic growth of the liquid crystal display (hereafter LCD) industry in the last decade, lots of waste glass is being produced. There are three types of waste glass derived from LCD glass ...manufacturers, LCD panel manufacturers and end-of-life LCD devices. Among them cullet from Lber glass (hereafter E-glass). However, the recycling of waste glass from LCD panel (LPWGCD glass is being recycled into a raw material for commercial electric continuous fi) and end waste glass is limited due to various reasons such as contaminants, toxic components and inhomogeneous glass compositions etc. Despite use of LPWG in the cement industry, it is not an effective form of recycling, considering the characteristics of LCD glass. In this work, to examine the possibility of recycling LPWG in the E-glass industry, several glass batches containing LPWG were prepared. First, some optical properties of the prepared and commercial E-glass were examined. Then, the viscosity and liquidus temperature (TL) were determined. The effect of LPWG was negligible in the transmission and color of the resultant glasses, considering that commercial bulk E-glass has an emerald-green color due to refractory corrosion. With an increase in the LPWG content, the isoviscosity and liquidus temperatures showed opposite behaviors; the temperature (TW) corresponding to the fiber forming viscosity (103 dPas) decreased, whereas the TL increased. Based on TW-TL, the replacement of 50 wt% of the original E-glass with LPWG was recommended. Additionally, economic and environmental effects were discussed.
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•Recycling of LCD process waste glasses (LPWG) in E-glass was examined.•Source of B2O3 such as colemanite was replaced by LPWG.•Effect of contaminants coated to the surface of LPWG was negligible.•Two important melt properties for LPWG content showed an opposite behavior.•Replacement of E-glass with LPWG up to 50% in glass batch was suggested.
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