Objective
There is no scale for rating the severity of autoimmune encephalitis (AE). In this study, we aimed to develop a novel scale for rating severity in patients with diverse AE syndromes and to ...verify the reliability and validity of the developed scale.
Methods
The key items were generated by a panel of experts and selected according to content validity ratios. The developed scale was initially applied to 50 patients with AE (development cohort) to evaluate its acceptability, reproducibility, internal consistency, and construct validity. Then, the scale was applied to another independent cohort (validation cohort, n = 38).
Results
A new scale consisting of 9 items (seizure, memory dysfunction, psychiatric symptoms, consciousness, language problems, dyskinesia/dystonia, gait instability and ataxia, brainstem dysfunction, and weakness) was developed. Each item was assigned a value of up to 3 points. The total score could therefore range from 0 to 27. We named the scale the Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE). The new scale showed excellent interobserver (intraclass correlation coefficient ICC = 0.97) and intraobserver (ICC = 0.96) reliability for total scores, was highly correlated with modified Rankin scale (r = 0.86, p < 0.001), and had acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.88). Additionally, in the validation cohort, the scale showed high interobserver reliability (ICC = 0.99) and internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.92).
Interpretation
CASE is a novel clinical scale for AE with a high level of clinimetric properties. It would be suitable for application in clinical practice and might help overcome the limitations of current outcome scales for AE. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:352–358.
'Ideal' transparent p-type semiconductors are required for the integration of high-performance thin-film transistors (TFTs) and circuits. Although CuI has recently attracted attention owing to its ...excellent opto-electrical properties, solution processability, and low-temperature synthesis, the uncontrolled copper vacancy generation and subsequent excessive hole doping hinder its use as a semiconductor material in TFT devices. In this study, we propose a doping approach through soft chemical solution process and transparent p-type Zn-doped CuI semiconductor for high-performance TFTs and circuits. The optimised TFTs annealed at 80 °C exhibit a high hole mobility of over 5 cm
V
s
and high on/off current ratio of ~10
with good operational stability and reproducibility. The CuI:Zn semiconductors show intrinsic advantages for next-generation TFT applications and wider applications in optoelectronics and energy conversion/storage devices. This study paves the way for the realisation of transparent, flexible, and large-area integrated circuits combined with n-type metal-oxide semiconductor.
Edges of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are well known as highly reactive sites, thus researchers have attempted to maximize the edge site density of 2D TMDs. In this work, metal‐organic ...framework (MOF) templates are introduced to synthesize few‐layered WS2 nanoplates (a lateral dimension of ≈10 nm) confined in Co, N‐doped hollow carbon nanocages (WS2_Co‐N‐HCNCs), for highly sensitive NO2 gas sensors. WS2 precursors are assembled in the surface cavity of Co‐based zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF‐67) and subsequent pyrolysis produced WS2_Co‐N‐HCNCs. During the pyrolysis, the carbonized ZIF‐67 are doped by Co and N elements, and the growth of WS2 is effectively suppressed, creating few‐layered WS2 nanoplates functionalized Co‐N‐HCNCs. The WS2_Co‐N‐HCNCs exhibit outstanding NO2 sensing characteristics at room temperature, in terms of response (48.2% to 5 ppm), selectivity, response and recovery speed, and detection limit (100 ppb). These results are attributed to the enhanced adsorption and desorption kinetics of NO2 on abundant WS2 edges, confined in the gas permeable HCNCs. This work opens up an efficient way for the facile synthesis of edge abundant few‐layered TMDs combined with porous carbon matrix via MOF templating route, for applications relying on highly active sites.
Few‐layered WS2 nanoplates confined in Co, N‐doped hollow carbon nanocages (WS2_Co‐N‐HCNCs) are synthesized using metal‐organic framework (MOF) templating. The porous MOF suppresses the growth of WS2, creating few‐layered WS2 nanoplates in Co‐N‐HCNCs. The WS2_Co‐N‐HCNCs exhibit highly sensitive NO2 sensing characteristics at room temperature, in terms of response, selectivity, response/recovery speed, and detection limits.
Achieving an improved understanding of catalyst properties, with ability to predict new catalytic materials, is key to overcoming the inherent limitations of metal oxide based gas sensors associated ...with rather low sensitivity and selectivity, particularly under highly humid conditions. This study introduces newly designed bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) employing bimetallic Pt‐based NPs (PtM, where M = Pd, Rh, and Ni) via a protein encapsulating route supported on mesoporous WO3 nanofibers. These structures demonstrate unprecedented sensing performance for detecting target biomarkers (even at p.p.b. levels) in highly humid exhaled breath. Sensor arrays are further employed to enable pattern recognition capable of discriminating between simulated biomarkers and controlled breath. The results provide a new class of multicomponent catalytic materials, demonstrating potential for achieving reliable breath analysis sensing.
Effective strategy to readily synthesize highly dispersed Pt‐based bimetallic (PtM, where M = Pd, Rh, and Ni) NPs as a new class of active catalysts is successfully developed on the highly porous architecture of 1D WO3 nanofibers via a protein template, i.e., apoferritin, in combination with the electrospinning method for superior exhaled‐breath sensors.
Here, room‐temperature solution‐processed inorganic p‐type copper iodide (CuI) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) are reported for the first time. The spin‐coated 5 nm thick CuI film has average hole ...mobility (µFE) of 0.44 cm2 V−1 s−1 and on/off current ratio of 5 × 102. Furthermore, µFE increases to 1.93 cm2 V−1 s−1 and operating voltage significantly reduces from 60 to 5 V by using a high permittivity ZrO2 dielectric layer replacing traditional SiO2. Transparent complementary inverters composed of p‐type CuI and n‐type indium gallium zinc oxide TFTs are demonstrated with clear inverting characteristics and voltage gain over 4. These outcomes provide effective approaches for solution‐processed inorganic p‐type semiconductor inks and related electronics.
Room‐temperature solution‐processed p‐type copper iodide (CuI) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) are demonstrated for the first time with high hole mobility of 1.93 cm2 V‐1 s‐1 and on/off current ratio of 5 × 102. Transparent complementary inverters composed of p‐type CuI and n‐type indium gallium zinc oxide TFTs are demonstrated with clear inverting characteristics and voltage gain over 4.
Highly sensitive and selective chemical sensors are needed for use in a wide range of applications such as environmental toxic gas monitoring, disease diagnosis, and food quality control. Although ...some chemiresistive sensors have been commercialized, grand challenges still remain: ppb-level sensitivity, accurate cross-selectivity, and long-term stability. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with record-breaking surface areas and ultrahigh porosity are ideal sensing materials because chemical sensors rely highly on surface reactions. In addition, MOFs can be used as a membrane to utilize their unique gas adsorption and separation characteristics. Furthermore, the use of MOFs as precursors to enable facile production of various nanostructures is further combined with other functional materials. Based on these fascinating features of MOFs, there have been great efforts to elucidate reaction mechanisms and address limitations in MOF-based chemiresistors. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview and recent progress in chemiresistive sensors developed by using pure MOFs, MOF membranes, and MOF derivatives.
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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention in diverse research communities because of their ultrahigh surface areas, high porosity, and tunable structures. In particular, MOFs are considered one of the most ideal sensing materials since chemical sensing properties are mainly influenced by surface reactions. Recently, the use of MOFs in chemiresistive sensors that transduce electrical signals from surface reactions has rapidly emerged. The development of conductive MOFs has fueled the use of pure MOFs as a new class of chemiresistors. MOFs with unique gas adsorption and separation properties also enable their use in gas sensors as selective filtration layers. In addition, as sacrificial templates, MOFs can be converted to various types of gas-sensitive nanomaterials such as carbon composites and metal oxides via controlled pyrolysis or calcination. In this review, we summarize the latest studies on MOF-based chemiresistive sensors and suggest future research directions.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have rapidly emerged in the field of chemiresistive sensors because of their ultrahigh surface area with high porosity, unique gas adsorption and separation properties, and ability to serve as sacrificial templates to produce various nanomaterials. In this review, we summarize a comprehensive overview and recent studies on MOFs for chemiresistive sensors, including pure MOFs, MOF membranes, and MOF derivatives.
The study aimed to investigate the impact behavior of fabric laminates composed of carbon, Kevlar, and hybrid materials through low‐velocity impact tests. Non‐hybrid and hybrid laminates were created ...using layup techniques with sandwich stacking sequences. Drop weight impact tests were conducted using varying levels of impact energy to assess the influence of stacking sequence and hybridization on impact properties. The results showed significant improvements in impact properties with increasing stacking sequence, particularly a 108.8% and 137.4% enhancement in C4 and K4 laminates, respectively. Kevlar laminates exhibited higher energy resistance than carbon laminates, and the Kevlar‐carbon‐Kevlar‐carbon hybrid laminate demonstrated superior impact force and energy absorption capabilities. Additionally, the study analyzed penetration depth and identified different failure modes dependent on stacking sequence and impact energy levels. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing fabric laminated composites. Thus, the research could be implemented in industries requiring materials with enhanced impact resistance, such as aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, and protective gear manufacturing.
Highlights
Investigated the impact performance of stacked fabric structures, including carbon, Kevlar, and hybrid laminated composites, through low‐velocity impact tests.
Fabricated both non‐hybrid and hybrid laminates using layup techniques with a sandwich stacking sequence to assess the impact properties of the composite laminates.
Observed greater penetration depth in the C2 stacked structure, while the KCKC hybrid laminate showcased greater resistance to a depth of penetration (DOP).
Various failure modes were investigated, demonstrating their relationship with stacking sequence and impact energy levels.
Impact Analysis of Stacked Fiber Composite for Safety Applications.
The explosive demand for wireless communications has intensified the complexity of spectrum dynamics, particularly within unlicensed bands. To promote efficient spectrum utilization and minimize ...interference during communication, spectrum sensing needs to evolve to a stage capable of detecting multidimensional spectrum states. Signal identification, which identifies each device's signal source, is a potent method for deriving the spectrum usage characteristics of wireless devices. However, most existing signal identification methods mainly focus on signal classification or modulation classification, thus offering limited spectrum information. In this paper, we propose DSINet, a multitask learning-based deep signal identification network for advanced spectrum sensing systems. DSINet addresses the deep signal identification problem, which involves not only classifying signals but also deriving the spectrum usage characteristics of signals across various spectrum dimensions, including time, frequency, power, and code. Comparative analyses reveal that DSINet outperforms existing shallow signal identification models, with performance improvements of 3.3% for signal classification, 3.3% for hall detection, and 5.7% for modulation classification. In addition, DSINet solves four different tasks with a 65.5% smaller model size and 230% improved computational performance compared to single-task learning model sets, providing meaningful results in terms of practical use.
Abstract
Conductive metal-organic framework (C-MOF) thin-films have a wide variety of potential applications in the field of electronics, sensors, and energy devices. The immobilization of various ...functional species within the pores of C-MOFs can further improve the performance and extend the potential applications of C-MOFs thin films. However, developing facile and scalable synthesis of high quality ultra-thin C-MOFs while simultaneously immobilizing functional species within the MOF pores remains challenging. Here, we develop microfluidic channel-embedded solution-shearing (MiCS) for ultra-fast (≤5 mm/s) and large-area synthesis of high quality nanocatalyst-embedded C-MOF thin films with thickness controllability down to tens of nanometers. The MiCS method synthesizes nanoscopic catalyst-embedded C-MOF particles within the microfluidic channels, and simultaneously grows catalyst-embedded C-MOF thin-film uniformly over a large area using solution shearing. The thin film displays high nitrogen dioxide (NO
2
) sensing properties at room temperature in air amongst two-dimensional materials, owing to the high surface area and porosity of the ultra-thin C-MOFs, and the catalytic activity of the nanoscopic catalysts embedded in the C-MOFs. Therefore, our method,
i.e
. MiCS, can provide an efficient way to fabricate highly active and conductive porous materials for various applications.
Pembrolizumab has shown improved progression-free survival versus chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal ...cancer. However, the treatment's effect on overall survival in this cohort of patients was unknown. Here, we present the final overall survival analysis of the KEYNOTE-177 study.
This randomised, open-label, phase 3 study was done in 193 academic medical centres and hospitals in 23 countries. We recruited patients aged at least 18 years, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1, and who had previously untreated microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) in blocks of four using an interactive voice response system or integrated web response system to intravenous pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks or to the investigator's choice of intravenous mFOLFOX6 (oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 on day 1, leucovorin 400 mg/m2 on day 1, and fluorouracil 400 mg/m2 bolus on day 1 followed by a continuous infusion of 1200 mg/m2 per day for 2 days on days 1–2) or intravenous FOLFIRI (irinotecan 180 mg/m2 on day 1, leucovorin 400 mg/m2 on day 1, and fluorouracil 400 mg/m2 bolus on day 1 followed by a continuous infusion of 1200 mg/m2 per day for 2 days on days 1–2), every 2 weeks with or without intravenous bevacizumab 5 mg/kg every 2 weeks or intravenous weekly cetuximab (first dose 400 mg/m2, then 250 mg/m2 for every subsequent dose). Patients receiving chemotherapy could cross over to pembrolizumab for up to 35 treatment cycles after progression. The co-primary endpoints were overall survival and progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population. KEYNOTE-177 is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02563002, and is no longer enrolling patients.
Between Feb 11, 2016, and Feb 19, 2018, 852 patients were screened, of whom 307 (36%) were randomly assigned to pembrolizumab (n=153) or chemotherapy (n=154). 93 (60%) patients crossed over from chemotherapy to anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapy (56 patients to on-study pembrolizumab and 37 patients to off-study therapy). At final analysis (median follow-up of 44·5 months IQR 39·7–49·8), median overall survival was not reached (NR; 95% CI 49·2–NR) with pembrolizumab vs 36·7 months (27·6–NR) with chemotherapy (hazard ratio HR 0·74; 95% CI 0·53–1·03; p=0·036). Superiority of pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for overall survival was not demonstrated because the prespecified α of 0·025 needed for statistical significance was not achieved. At this updated analysis, median progression-free survival was 16·5 months (95% CI 5·4–38·1) with pembrolizumab versus 8·2 months (6·1–10·2) with chemotherapy (HR 0·59, 95% CI 0·45–0·79). Treatment-related adverse events of grade 3 or worse occurred in 33 (22%) of 153 patients in the pembrolizumab group versus 95 (66%) of 143 patients in the chemotherapy group. Common adverse events of grade 3 or worse that were attributed to pembrolizumab were increased alanine aminotransferase, colitis, diarrhoea, and fatigue in three (2%) patients each, and those attributed to chemotherapy were decreased neutrophil count (in 24 17% patients), neutropenia (22 15%), diarrhoea (14 10%), and fatigue (13 9%). Serious adverse events attributed to study treatment occurred in 25 (16%) patients in the pembrolizumab group and in 41 (29%) patients in the chemotherapy group. No deaths attributed to pembrolizumab occurred; one death due to intestinal perforation was attributed to chemotherapy.
In this updated analysis, although pembrolizumab continued to show durable antitumour activity and fewer treatment-related adverse events compared with chemotherapy, there was no significant difference in overall survival between the two treatment groups. These findings support pembrolizumab as an efficacious first-line therapy in patients with microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer.
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