Most memory-chip manufacturers keep trying to supply cost-effective storage devices with high-performance characteristics such as shorter tPROG, lower power consumption and higher endurance. For many ...years, every effort has been made to shrink die size to lower cost and to improve performance. However, the previously used node-shrinking methodology is facing challenges due to increased cell-to-cell interference and patterning difficulties caused by decreasing dimension. To overcome these limitations, 3D-stacking technology has been developed. As a result of long and focused research in 3D stacking technology, we succeed in developing 128 Gb 3b/cell Vertical NAND with 32 stack WL layers for the first time, which is the smallest 128 Gb NAND Flash. The die size is 68.9 mm 2 , program time is 700 us and I/O rate is 1 Gb/s.
Abstract The aim of this study was to quantitatively investigate the chronic ethanol-induced cerebral metabolic changes in various regions of the rat brain, using the proton high resolution magic ...angle spinning spectroscopy technique. The rats were divided into two groups (control group: N = 11, ethanol-treated group: N = 11) and fed with the liquid diets for 10 weeks. In each week, the mean intake volumes of liquid diet were measured. The brain tissues, including cerebellum (Cere), frontal cortex (FC), hippocampus (Hip), occipital cortex (OC) and thalamus (Thal), were harvested immediately after the end of experiments. The ex vivo proton spectra for the five brain regions were acquired with the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence at 500-MHz NMR spectrometer. All of the spectra were processed using the LCModel software, with simulated basis-set file, and the metabolite levels were referenced to total creatine. In the ethanol liquid diet group, there were significant increases in the metabolites ratio levels, as compared to control (Cere: alanine, glutathione, and N-acetlyaspartate; FC: phosphocholine and taurine; Hip: alanine, glutamine, and N-acetylaspartate; OC: glutamine; Thal: alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, taurine, and free choline). However, in the ethanol liquid diet group, the myo-inositol levels of the OC were significantly lower. The present study demonstrates how chronic ethanol consumption affects cerebral metabolites in the chronic ethanol-treated rat. Therefore, this result could be useful to pursue clinical applications for quantitative diagnosis in human alcoholism.
Most memory-chip manufacturers keep trying to supply cost-effective storage devices with high-performance characteristics such as smaller tPROG, lower power consumption and longer endurance. For many ...years, every effort has been made to shrink die size to lower cost and to improve performance. However, the previously used node-shrinking methodology is facing challenges due to increased cell-to-cell interference and patterning difficulties caused by decreasing dimension. To overcome these limitations, 3D-stacking technology has been developed. As a result of long and focused research in 3D stacking technology, 128Gb 2b/cell device with 24 stack WL layers was announced in 2014 1.
As 4th industry revolution becomes realization, more sophisticated mobile sets and servers are demanded that, in turn, necessitates advanced package technologies. For mobile applications, Package on ...package (POP) and interposer POP have been widely used. When a laminate organic substrate is replaced by wafer level process, the electrical and thermal performances are greatly enhanced. However, a significant cost is added due to new wafer-level packaging equipment. For network systems and high-performance computing server applications perspective, a silicon interposer is increasingly adapted to integrate HBM (High-Bandwidth Memory) with various controller or logic devices. The merits of fine line and space design rule of silicon interposer cannot be found in any other package platforms. However, the silicon interposers suffer from costly TSVs and the lossy substrate which limits electrical performance. In this paper, three RDL based platforms (FO-PLP, FO-SIP and RDL Interposer) are introduced. An adequate platform can be chosen by considering package size (FO-PLP for mobile applications), thermal performance (FO-SIP for intelligent devices in near-future), competitive cost (RDL Interposer for servers as in consumer products). Nevertheless, RDL based platforms and 2.5D silicon interposer are not cannibalizing one another.
With many epidemiologic studies made to establish the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in Western countries, no such data have been reported ...in Korea. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of SDB and OSAS, and their related factors in Korean adults aged 40-69 years. Among the total of 5,020 participants at the baseline examination of the Korean Health and Genome Study, a random sample of 457 men and women was studied with employment of overnight full polysomnography to determine the prevalence of SDB and OSAS. The prevalence of SDB (apnea-hypopnea index > or = 5) was 27% and 16% in men and women, respectively. When OSAS was defined by an apnea-hypopnea index > or = 5 plus excessive daytime sleepiness, its prevalence was 4.5% in men and 3.2% in women. Logistic regression analyses showed that sex, body mass index, and hypertension were closely associated with the risk of SDB. Our findings show that SDB is a common problem in the Korean adult population. Understanding and treatment of SDB may be essential in terms of intervention to reduce the risk of related medical problems.
Effects of Silk Amino Acids on Hair You, Se-eun; Kim, Ok-yeoun
Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology,
6/2024, Letnik:
22, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Purpose: To investigate how silk amino acids affect the hair by applying them to bleached hair.Methods: A silk amino acid formulation was prepared by adding 0, 3, 6, and 9 g of silk amino acid ...content. The prepared formulation was applied to bleached hair. To determine the change in hair brightness, the L* value was measured using a colorimeter. Additionally, the hair’s tensile strength, absorbance using methylene blue, and gloss were measured to determine whether amino acids affect bleached hair. Then we performed a comparison of data between the sample hair with the formulation agent containing silk amino acid and damaged hair.Results: Regarding brightness, the L* value for each sample increased as compared with that of damaged hair. Additionally, the brightness increased as the silk amino acid content increased. Moreover, the tensile strength of all samples with perm-base and silk amino acid added increased as compared with the damaged hair. The tensile strength also increased as the silk amino acid content increased. The absorbance of all samples with perm-base and silk amino acid added decreased as compared with that of damaged hair, and as the silk amino acid content increased, the absorbance also decreased. Regarding gloss, the gloss of the samples with perm-base decreased as compared with that of damaged hair. However, as the silk amino acid content increased, the gloss also increased.Conclusion: There were differences in brightness, absorbance, and gloss between damaged hair and bleached hair with silk amino acid, suggesting that silk amino acids have an effect on damaged hair. In the future, studies investigating on whether various natural ingredients affect damaged hair are warranted.
In this paper, a BGA package having a ARM SoC chip is introduced, which has component-type embedded decoupling capacitors (decaps) for good power integrity performance of core power. To evaluate and ...confirm the impact of embedded decap on core PDN (power distribution network), two different packages were manufactured with and without the embedded decaps. The self impedances of system-level core PDN were simulated in frequency-domain and On-chip DvD (Dynamic Voltage Drop) simulations were performed in time-domain in order to verify the system-level impact of package embedded decap. There was clear improvement of system-level core PDN performance in middle frequency range when package embedded decaps were employed. In conclusion, the overall system-level core PDN for ARM SoC could meet the target impedance in frequency-domain as well as the target On-chip DvD level by having package embedded decaps.
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of applying propolis extract to damaged hair.Methods: A matrix-improving formulation was prepared with the addition of 3, 6, and 9 g of propolis ...extract. The sample was applied to the formulation to which the extract was added, and damaged hair was measured and compared. To determine the effect on damaged hair, the study measured tensile strength, absorbance using methylene blue, and gloss.Results: The result indicated that average values increased for all samples applied with the formula. Specifically, the results statistically differed for samples 8(6) and 8(9) compared with those for damaged hair. Average values after absorbance measurement decreased for all samples with extracts with statistical results for samples 8(3), 8(6), and 8(9) compared with damaged hair. Lastly, average values for gloss measurement displayed increases for samples 8(3) and 8(6). The statistical results indicated no difference for all samples compared with those for damaged hair.Conclusion: The average values of the samples for tensile strength and absorbance indicated differences between damaged hair and propolis extract, which suggested that damaged hair was improved in terms of hair quality.
In this paper, a DDR3L simulation topology for ARM SoC application is presented and the impact of the board power delivery network (PDN) on a DDR3L memory interface is simulated and analyzed. The ...analysis of the DDR3L PDN of the package and board will be discussed in the frequency-domain while the DDR power noise and DDR3L data signals are analyzed in the time-domain. A timing jitter comparison of the measured and simulated eye-diagram is presented. Finally, the analysis verifies the importance of including the board PDN to accurately predict the performance of the DDR3L memory interface in the simulation and modeling environment.
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