The ability to extract sequential regularities embedded in the temporal context or temporal structure of sensory events and to predict upcoming events based on the extracted sequential regularities ...plays a central role in human cognition. In the present study, we demonstrate that, without any intention, upcoming emotional faces can be predicted based on sequential regularities, by showing that prediction error responses as reflected by visual mismatch negativity (MMN), an event-related brain potential (ERP) component, were evoked in response to emotional faces that violated a regular alternation pattern of 2 emotional faces (fearful and happy faces) under a situation where the emotional faces themselves were unrelated to the participant's task. Face-inversion and negative-bias effects in the visual MMN further indicated the involvement of holistic face representations. In addition, through successive source analyses of the visual MMN, it was revealed that the prediction error responses were composed of activations mainly in the face-responsible visual extrastriate areas and the prefrontal areas. The present results provide primary evidence for the existence of the unintentional temporal context-based prediction of biologically relevant visual stimuli as well as empirical support for the major engagement of the visual and prefrontal areas in unintentional temporal context-based prediction in vision.
Human fMRI studies revealed involvement of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) during memory retrieval. However, corresponding memory-related regions in macaque PPC have not been established. In this ...monkey fMRI study, comparisons of cortical activity during correct recognition of previously seen items and rejection of unseen items revealed two major PPC activation sites that were differentially characterized by a serial probe recognition paradigm: area PG/PGOp in inferior parietal lobule, along with the hippocampus, was more active for initial item retrieval, while area PEa/DIP in intraparietal sulcus was for the last item. Effective connectivity analyses revealed that connectivity from hippocampus to PG/PGOp, but not to PEa/DIP, increased during initial item retrieval. The two parietal areas with differential serial probe recognition profiles were embedded in two different subnetworks of the brain-wide retrieval-related regions. These functional dissociations in the macaque PPC imply the functional correspondence of retrieval-related PPC networks in macaques and humans.
► Macaque posterior parietal activities were identified in recognition memory retrieval ► Serial probe recognition revealed contrasting activity profiles of PGOp and DIP ► PGOp and DIP were embedded in distinct brain-wide networks in task/spontaneous state ► A counterpart of human IPL memory retrieval region was found in macaque PPC
Miyamoto et al. find functional dissociation of two macaque posterior parietal areas in a serial probe recognition task. Activation and connectivity analyses converge to suggest the monkey counterparts of human retrieval success areas in dorsal and ventral posterior parietal cortex.
The interplay between the formation of neutron skin and
α
cluster at the dilute surface of neutron-rich nuclei is one of the interesting subjects in the study of neutron-rich nuclei and nuclear ...clustering. A theoretical model has predicted that the growth of neutron skin will prevent the
α
clustering at nuclear surface. Quite recently, this theoretical perspective, the suppression of
α
clustering by the neutron-skin formation, was firstly confirmed experimentally in Sn isotopes as the reduction of the
(
p
,
p
α
)
reaction cross section. Motivated by the novel discovery, in this work, we have investigated the relationship between the neutron-skin thickness and
α
clustering in C isotopes. Based on the analysis by the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics, we show that the
α
spectroscopic factor at nuclear exterior decreases in neutron-rich C isotopes, and the clustering suppression looks correlated with the growth of the neutron-skin thickness.
With the development of large‐scale rice cultivation management initiatives in East Asia, there is concern that a reduction in the number of human cultivators per unit area may lead to poor water ...management, which could result in decreased land productivity, owing to abnormally high‐ and low‐temperature damage to crops. Accurate simulation of paddy field water temperature is important for studying its impact on crops and providing timely information to aid in decision‐making for more efficient management under limited resources. We propose a neural‐network framework that considers the heat transfer by the vegetation canopy and applies physical‐theory constraints in its training. A novel tuning method is proposed to cope with the trade‐off between water temperature accuracy and physical consistency during training to ensure that the calculated water temperature variations in a paddy field enjoy high accuracy and physical consistency. In the experiments, the proposed framework outperforms physical process models and pure neural network models while maintaining high accuracy in the case of sparse data sets. Furthermore, an attention‐mechanism input layer is integrated into the model to rank feature importance, providing global interpretation to the proposed framework. We also perform sensitivity analysis on the physical process and propose models to compare their different strategies of feature ranking. The results show that the two methods have different sensitivities to different feature patterns, but they complement each other. In summary, the proposed model is credible and stable for practical applications and has the potential to guide more efficient paddy management.
Key Points
Paddy‐water temperature is simulated using the physics‐guided neural network while considering the effect of the vegetation canopy
A tuning method is proposed to cope with a trade‐off between water temperature accuracy and physical consistency during training
A global interpretation is given by attention mechanism weight comparison sensitivity analysis to rank the feature importance
A two-phase argon detector has high discrimination power between electron recoil and nuclear recoil events based on the pulse shape discrimination and the ionization/scintillation ratio (S2/S1). This ...character is very suitable for the dark matter search to establish the low background experiment. However, the basic properties of S2/S1 of argon are not well known, as compared with xenon. We report the evaluation of S2/S1 properties with a two-phase detector at drift-fields of 0.2–3.0 kV/cm. Finally, the discrimination power against electron recoil background of S2/S1 is discussed.
In mammals, olfactory signals received by odorant receptors (ORs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE) are converted to a topographical map of activated glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (OB). It has been ...reported that the OE can be divided into four topographically distinct zones and that olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing a particular OR gene are randomly distributed within one zone. Here, we analyzed 80 different class II OR genes for their expression patterns in the OE by in situ hybridization. It was found that the expression area in the OE does not always fit into one of the four conventional zones. Expression areas are specific to each OR gene and are arranged in an overlapping and continuous manner in the OE. We also analyzed a spatial relationship between the OE and the OB for OSN projection. Our transgenic as well as DiI retrograde staining experiments demonstrated that the dorsal/ventral arrangement of glomeruli in the OB is correlated with the expression areas of corresponding ORs along the dorsomedial/ventrolateral axis in the OE. The present study indicates that the OR gene choice may be more restricted by the OSN location in the OE than what has been thought.
Summary
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation has been reported during antihepatitis C treatment in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HBV co‐infection. We aimed to evaluate the frequency and ...risk factors of HBV reactivation during anti‐HCV therapy and compared those between interferon (IFN)‐free direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapies and IFN‐based therapies. Three hundred and twenty‐two patients with HCV infection receiving anti‐HCV therapy were retrospectively screened. The baseline HBV infection statuses of all eligible patients and the HBV‐DNA level of all patients with current or previous HBV infection were examined at the end of treatment. In patients with baseline anti‐HBs positivity, changes in anti‐HBs titre were evaluated. Of 287 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 157 had current (n=4) or previous (n=153) HBV infection; 85 were treated with IFN‐free DAA therapies and 72 were treated with IFN‐based therapies. Six patients experienced HBV reactivation (n=2) or HBV reappearance (n=4) after IFN‐free DAA therapies, while no patient developed HBV reactivation after IFN‐based therapies. The risk factors of HBV reactivation or reappearance were DAA therapies and a reduction in anti‐HBs titre to <12 mIU mL−1 by the end of treatment. The decline changes of anti‐HBs titre were significantly higher in patients treated with DAA therapies. Although HBV reactivation hepatitis was not observed, three of four patients with HBV reactivation or reappearance after achieving HCV eradication had viremia 8 weeks after completion of therapy. A significant proportion of patients develop HBV reactivation or reappearance without hepatitis after IFN‐free DAA therapies. Low levels of anti‐HBs and their decrease to <12 mIU mL−1 after treatment are significant risk factors for HBV reactivation or reappearance.
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