LiF–Ni
x
Mn
1−x
O composites are prepared by the mechanical milling of LiF and Ni
x
Mn
1−x
O (x ≤ 1) solid solution for 72 h. The obtained composites are examined by XRD, charge–discharge ...measurements, CV, and XPS. X-ray diffraction peaks of LiF–Ni
x
Mn
1−x
O are broadened by milling. The diffraction peaks of Ni
x
Mn
1−x
O in x < 0.5 are shifted to the higher angle by milling together with LiF. The discharge capacity and voltage of the LiF–Ni
x
Mn
1−x
O composites changes with the molar ratio of NiO and MnO. The composite containing a large amount of Mn showed a lower discharge voltage and a larger discharge capacity. The composites containing a large amount of Ni show higher discharge voltage. The maximum discharge capacity among LiF–Ni
x
Mn
1−x
O composites is obtained at x = 0.2, and its value is 279 mAh g
−1
for cut-off voltages of 2.0–4.8 V at 0.1 C. The XPS measurement shows that the Mn
2+
and Ni
2+
ions are oxidized to Mn
3+
and Ni
3+
ions in charging process and are reduced to Mn
2+
and Ni
2+
ions in the discharging. The oxidation and reduction process between Mn
2+
and Mn
3+
greatly contribute in the charge and discharge process of LiF–Ni
0.5
Mn
0.5
O composite.
Graphic abstract
Discharge capacity of composite of LiF and Ni
0.2
Mn
0.8
O is 279 mAh g
−1
.
Chemicals for the scouring and bleaching of fabrics have a high environmental load. In addition, in recent years, the high consumption of these products has become a problem in the manufacture of ...natural fabric products. Therefore, environmentally friendly, low-waste processes for fabric treatment are required. In this paper, we discuss the bleaching of fabrics using advanced oxidation processes (AOP). These processes use electrochemically generated aqueous ozone and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to achieve bleaching. However, colour reversion often occurs. In this study, we suppressed unwanted colour reversion by treatment with rongalite. After treatment, changes in fabric colour were determined by measuring the colour difference and reflectance spectra. The best bleaching effect was obtained when ozone and UV irradiation treatments were combined, achieving results similar to those of a conventional bleaching method after 60 min of UV irradiation. In addition, the AOP treatment resulted in the simultaneous scouring of the fabric, as shown by the increased hydrophilicity of the fabric after AOP treatment. Thus, this AOP process represents a new fabric bleaching process that has an extremely low environmental impact.
Development of knocking mitigation technology is required to improve the thermal efficiency of gasoline engines. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of injection timing of a ...direct-injection gasoline engine on knocking and thermal efficiency and its mechanism, and to contribute to injector development and reduction of control adaptation man-hours. For the knocking mechanism, the contribution of combustion speed, in-cylinder gas temperature, and air-fuel-ratio distribution to mass fraction burned 50% crank angle were considered. In the indicated thermal efficiency, in addition to the contribution of mass burned fraction 50% crank angle, the contribution of unburned fuel loss and heat loss to the total heat release were considered.
To understand fungal contamination in the indoor environment of the disaster region, a field survey was performed to measure the number of fungal counts and identify isolates in the indoor air of ...prefabricated temporary housing, privately independent-housing, and rented apartments flooded by the East Japan Great Earthquake disaster tsunami. As a result, the period with the highest detected fungal count was from the rainy season to summer in independent-housing and rented apartments. Moreover, in the temporary housing, the fungal number increased further in winter as indicated by the maximum fungal-number throughout the measurement period. The detection frequency of
species was relatively higher in the indoor air of temporary housing than in typical housing in the non-disaster area. Since
is known as an allergenic genus, it requires careful attention to the health risk for residents. The extremely high level of fungal condensation in indoor air possibly occurred due to high relative humidity and loss of heat insulation in the building attics. It is suggested that this problem commonly happened in the cold region including the entire disaster region of the East Japan Great Earthquake.
Fungal contamination in the indoor air of prefabricated temporary houses at the site of the Great East Japan Earthquake revealed extremely high levels compared to those found in conventional ...residences. We experimentally investigated fungal growth levels on different interior materials to support fungal overgrowth in prefabricated temporary houses. Three species each of allergenic fungi and invasive fungi observed in temporary housing were selected for inoculation tests with various interior materials. The experiments with fungal inoculation were conducted in conformance with standards for industrial products described in the Japanese“ JIS Z 2911:2018 Methods of test for fungus resistance” with small modifications. After incubation, visual and stereomicroscopic assessments were performed to determine fungal growth levels. The viability of the fungi varied according to the interior material type. Our findings demonstrate the importance of antifungal measures in indoor environments and the need for additional research on the growth levels of fungal species on various interior materials.
LiF–NiO composites are synthesized by the mechanical milling of LiF and Li-doped NiO (d_NiO) for 72 h. Li-d_NiO is prepared by the calcination of a mixture of Li
2
CO
3
and NiO. The X-ray diffraction ...peaks of NiO are shifted by the doping and milling processes, while those of LiF disappear after milling. Rietveld analysis shows that the composites obtained by milling form solid solutions and that the Li
+
and Ni
2+
ions in them are disordered. LiF and Li-d_NiO samples milled individually do not exhibit a noticeable discharge capacity, while the composites show large values. The composite formed using undoped NiO without ball-milling shows a discharge capacity of 144 mA h g
−1
at 0.05 C between 2.0 and 5.0 V, while the composite of LiF and 20% Li-d_NiO exhibits a discharge capacity of 247 mA h g
−1
. The rate capabilities of the composites increase with the Li content, and the discharge capacity of the LiF–Li-d_NiO (20%) is 146 mA h g
−1
at 1 C for voltages of 2.0–4.8 V.
Graphical Abstract
Discharge capacity of composite of LiF and Li(20%)-doped NiO is 247 mAh g
−1
.
The complex phenomena of pre-chamber jet combustion and their mechanisms were discussed using the CFD Converge. The second half of the combustion period (MFB50-90) was more dominant for knocking than ...MFB10-50 due to the higher in-cylinder temperature. Pre-chamber jet combustion shortened MFB50-90 by forming a complex flame front due to jet penetration rather than strong turbulence caused by jet streams. The larger the pre-chamber volume, the faster the combustion in the pre-chamber, and the higher the pressure ratio between the main and prechamber. Even if the jet intensity was increased, there was a limit to the complexity of the flame front.
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