There has been a dearth of longitudinal attention to the prosecution of 'road traffic deaths' in Australia and worldwide, surprising given more than 50 million people have died or been killed to ...date. Globally, the 'road toll' is estimated at 1.35 million per year. Almost all of those deaths are attributable to some form of human error.
This article analyzes the impact of playing fantasy sports on the television viewership of the National Football League and of Major League Baseball. Using survey data from the ESPN Sports Poll, this ...study found evidence suggesting that fantasy sports participation leads to an increase in the number of games watched on television and, therefore, acts as a complement to televised sporting events. The greater demand for televised sports should arguably increase the value of advertising spots and, therefore, lead to a greater potential for cross-marketing across the 2 media of television and the Internet.
Inelastic scattering of OH radicals from liquid surfaces has been investigated experimentally. An initially translationally and rotationally hot distribution of OH was generated by 193 nm photolysis ...of allyl alcohol. These radicals were scattered from an inert reference liquid, perfluorinated polyether (PFPE), and from the potentially reactive hydrocarbon liquids squalane (C30H62, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane) and squalene (C30H50, trans-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene). The scattered OH v = 0 products were detected by laser-induced fluorescence. Strong correlations were observed between the translational and rotational energies of the products. The high-N levels are translationally hot, consistent with a predominantly direct, impulsive scattering mechanism. Impulsive scattering also populates the lower-N levels, but a component of translationally relaxed OH, with thermal-desorption characteristics, can also be seen clearly for all three liquids. More of this translationally and rotationally relaxed OH survives from squalane than from squalene. Realistic molecular dynamics simulations confirm that double-bond sites are accessible at the squalene surface. This supports the proposition that relaxed OH may be lost on squalene via an addition mechanism.
Abstract Background Alternative training methods are needed for resident physicians to ensure that care is not compromised should they practice in settings without well-established Sexual Assault ...Nurse Examiner (SANE) programs. Objective The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a simulation-based sexual assault response course for resident physicians at an institution without an on-site SANE program. Methods Educational intervention study of 12 emergency medicine residents using a low-fidelity hybrid simulation model. The study was comprised of eight male and four female physicians at a military medical center in San Diego, CA. Assessment occurred using three separate metrics. The first was a written knowledge test. The second was a simulated interview and evidentiary examination. These metrics were given 1 month before and 3 months after an 8-h training course. The final metric was Likert-scale questionnaires surveying pre- and post-course feelings of competency and comfort. Results The emergency medicine residents showed a 13% improvement (95% confidence interval CI 7−20%) in written examination scores pre and post intervention. Post-course interview and examinations reflected a 44% improvement (95% CI 24−64%) in critical action completion. Pre-course comfort and competency questionnaires were a median of 2 (interquartile range IQR 1−3) on a Likert Scale. Post-course survey responses were a median of 4 (IQR 2−5). Conclusions Low-fidelity hybrid simulation is a useful tool to train inexperienced physicians to perform evidentiary examinations and interviews without sacrificing the privacy and direct care of sexual assault victims.
The dynamics of the gas−liquid interfacial reaction of the first electronically excited state of the oxygen atom, O(1D), with the surface of a liquid hydrocarbon, squalane (C30H62; ...2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane) has been studied experimentally. Translationally hot O(1D) atoms were generated by 193 nm photolysis of a low pressure (nominally 1 mTorr) of N2O a short distance (mean = 6 mm) above a continually refreshed liquid squalane surface. Nascent OH (X2Π, v′ = 0) reaction products were detected by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) on the OH A 2Σ+−X 2Π (1,0) band at the same distance above the surface. The speed distribution of the recoiling OH was characterized by measuring the appearance profiles as a function of photolysis-probe delay for selected rotational levels, N′. The rotational (and, partially, fine-structure) state distributions were also measured by recording LIF excitation spectra at selected photolysis-probe delays. The OH v′ = 0 rotational distribution is bimodal and can be empirically decomposed into near thermal (∼300 K) and much hotter (∼6000 K) Boltzmann-temperature components. There is a strong positive correlation between rotational excitation and translation energy. However, the colder rotational component still represents a significant fraction (∼30%) of the fastest products, which have substantially superthermal speeds. We estimate an approximate upper limit of 3% for the quantum yield of OH per O(1D) atom that collides with the surface. By comparison with established mechanisms for the corresponding reactions in the gas phase, we conclude that the rotationally and translationally hot products are formed via a nonstatistical insertion mechanism. The rotationally cold but translationally hot component is most likely produced by direct abstraction. Secondary collisions at the liquid surface of products of either of the previous two mechanisms are most likely responsible for the rotationally and translationally cold products. We do not think it likely, a priori, that they could be produced in the observed significant yield via a statistical insertion mechanism for a molecule the size of squalane embedded in a surrounding liquid surface.
The fantasy sports industry, primarily led by fantasy football, has reportedly grown to 18 million unique players generating over $2 billion dollars annually according to the Fantasy Sports Trade ...Association. Anecdotal evidence suggests that this impressive growth is also generating increased interest for the sports on which the games are based. We use survey data from the ESPN Sports Poll to determine whether fantasy football participation increases NFL game attendance. The results suggest that fantasy football participants are not only more likely to attend at least one game per year, but also that they attend between 0.22 and 0.57 more games per season.
Because entrepreneurial activity is a key source of economic growth, promoting youth entrepreneurship has become a priority for policymakers. School choice programs force administrators and teachers ...to be more entrepreneurial in their jobs by encouraging innovation and by creating competition and a more business-like environment in K-12 education. Does going to school in this climate make students more likely to become entrepreneurs? In this paper we test whether youth entrepreneurship rates are higher in counties with school choice programs. We find that voucher programs create higher rates of youth entrepreneurship, while charter schools do not, relative to traditional public schools.
Objectives
The objective was to ascertain whether acetaminophen (APAP) concentrations less than 100 μg/mL obtained between 1 and 4 hours after acute ingestion accurately predict a nontoxic 4‐hour ...concentration.
Methods
The authors performed a multicenter, prospective cohort study involving five emergency departments (EDs) participating in the ToxIC Research Network. Data were collected from May 2009 to December 2011. Patients with APAP concentrations <100 μg/mL drawn between 1 and 4 hours after acute ingestions, and concentrations drawn 4 or more hours after ingestions, were included in the study. Exclusion criteria included initial concentration >100 μg/mL, initial APAP concentration drawn prior to 1 hour, two undetectable APAP concentrations, the second concentration drawn prior to 4 hours, and unknown time of ingestion. Toxic concentrations 4 or more hours after ingestion were defined as concentrations that plotted above the 150 μg/mL line on the Rumack‐Matthew nomogram.
Results
Data were collected on 83 patients who met inclusion criteria. Of the 83 patients with APAP concentrations <100 μg/mL between 1 and 4 hours, one patient (1.2%) had a ≥ 4‐hour toxic concentration. Negative predictive value (NPV) for an APAP concentration <100 μg/mL obtained between 1 and 4 hours after an acute ingestion was 98.8% (95% confidence interval CI = 93.5% to 99.8%).
Conclusions
An APAP concentration of <100 μg/mL obtained between 1 and 4 hours after ingestion has a high NPV for excluding toxic ingestion. We do not recommend reliance on concentrations obtained between 1 and 4 hours to exclude toxicity, because of a potential false‐negative rate of 6.5%.
Resumen
Valor Predictivo Negativo de las Concentraciones de Paracetamol en las Primeras Cuatro Horas tras la Ingesta
Objetivos
Determinar si las concentraciones de paracetamol menores de 100 μg/mL obtenidas entre la primera y cuarta hora tras la ingesta aguda predicen de forma certera una concentración no tóxica a la cuarta hora.
Metodología
Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo, multicéntrico y aprobado por el CEIC que incluyó cinco servicios de urgencias (SU) que participan en la ToxIC Research Network. Se recogieron los datos desde mayo de 2009 hasta diciembre de 2011. Se incluyeron en el estudio los pacientes con concentraciones de paracetamol <100 μg/mL en sangre extraída entre la primera y la cuarta hora tras una ingesta aguda, y las concentraciones extraídas a la cuarta hora o más tras la ingesta. Los criterios de exclusión incluyeron: concentración inicial >100 μg/mL, concentración inicial de paracetamol extraída antes de la primera hora, dos concentraciones indetectables de paracetamol, la segunda concentración extraída antes de las cuatro horas, y momento desconocido de la ingesta. Las concentraciones tóxicas a las 4 horas o más tras la ingestión se definieron como concentraciones por encima de la línea de 150 μg/mL en el normograma de Rumack‐Matthew.
Resultados
Se recogieron los datos en 83 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. De los 83 pacientes con una concentración de paracetamol <100 μg/mL entre la primera y cuarta hora, 1 paciente (1,2%) tuvo una concentración tóxica a la cuarta o más horas. El valor predictivo negativo para una concentración de paracetamol <100 μg/mL obtenida entre la primera y cuarta hora tras un ingesta aguda fue de un 98,8% (IC 95% = 93,5% a 99,8%).
Conclusiones
Una concentración de paracetamol <100 μg/mL obtenida entre la primera y cuarta hora tras una ingesta aguda tiene un alto valor predictivo negativo para excluir una ingesta tóxica. No recomendamos confiar en las concentraciones obtenidas entre la primera y cuarta hora para excluir toxicidad, debido a un porcentaje potencial de falsos negativos de un 6,5%.
Since the early 1970s, the literature examining the court system has placed much emphasis on the importance of the jury size and voting rule when analyzing the jury decision-making process. In ...addition, researchers have also used deductive reasoning to theoretically determine the cost-minimizing jury size and voting rule with regards to Type I and Type II errors. In this paper, we take this analysis one step further by empirically estimating the cost-minimizing jury size and voting rule in civil jury trials.
PDF
