The Super-Kamiokande detector Fukuda, S.; Hayakawa, T.; Ichihara, E. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
04/2003, Letnik:
501, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Super-Kamiokande is the world's largest water Cherenkov detector, with net mass 50,000 tons. During the period April, 1996 to July, 2001, Super-Kamiokande I collected 1678 live-days of data, ...observing neutrinos from the Sun, Earth's atmosphere, and the K2K long-baseline neutrino beam with high efficiency. These data provided crucial information for our current understanding of neutrino oscillations, as well as setting stringent limits on nucleon decay. In this paper, we describe the detector in detail, including its site, configuration, data acquisition equipment, online and offline software, and calibration systems which were used during Super-Kamiokande I.
The previously published atmospheric neutrino data did not distinguish whether muon neutrinos were oscillating into tau neutrinos or sterile neutrinos, as both hypotheses fit the data. Using data ...recorded in 1100 live days of the Super-Kamiokande detector, we use three complementary data samples to study the difference in zenith angle distribution due to neutral currents and matter effects. We find no evidence favoring sterile neutrinos, and reject the hypothesis at the 99% confidence level. On the other hand, we find that oscillation between muon and tau neutrinos suffices to explain all the results in hand.
The evidence on gender-affirming hormonal treatment (HT) for transgender persons is still insufficient.
To characterize the physical and psychological effects of HT using testosterone enanthate in ...transgender men, and to validate the safety of this treatment.
A total of 85 Japanese transgender men who were followed up for at least 1 year at our gender clinic from 2004 to 2017 were included in this study. All self-reported effects that they recognized and regularly acquired laboratory data were investigated after initiation of HT.
HT mainly using testosterone enanthate 250 mg every 2 weeks caused the most desired physical effects to appear promptly and effectively, whereas small but not negligible numbers of undesired physical and psychological effects were also confirmed.
The initial dose of testosterone enanthate was 250 mg for 72 (84.7%) subjects, and the injection interval was maintained every 2 weeks for 70 (82.3%). Most physical effects appeared within 6 months. A deepened voice (87.1%), cessation of menses (78.8%), acne (69.4%), and facial (52.9%)/body (37.6%) hair growth occurred within 3 months. Although recognition of psychological effects was rare, emotional instability (9.4%) and increased libido (7.1%) appeared in the relatively early phase after beginning HT. The mean values for red blood cells, hemoglobin, uric acid, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased for 2 year. During the observation period, there were no life-threatening adverse effects in any subjects.
The present HT strategy is effective and safe for Japanese transgender men.
The information from self-reported effects and objective data from blood tests can help both physicians and transgender men to understand testosterone HT.
Kirisawa T, Ichihara K, Sakai Y, et al. Physical and Psychological Effects of Gender-Affirming Hormonal Treatment Using Intramuscular Testosterone Enanthate in Japanese Transgender Men. Sex Med 2021;9:100306.
A total of 137 upward stopping muons of minimum energy 1.6 GeV are observed by Super-Kamiokande during 516 detector live days. The measured muon flux is
0.39±0.04
(stat.)±0.02
(syst.)×10
−13
cm
−2s
...−1sr
−1
compared to an expected flux of
0.73±0.16
(theo.)×10
−13
cm
−2s
−1sr
−1
. Using our previously-published measurement of the upward through-going muon flux, we calculate the stopping/through-going flux ratio
R
, which has less theoretical uncertainty. The measured value of
R=0.22±0.02
(stat.)±0.01
(syst.)
is significantly smaller than the value 0.37
+0.05
−0.04(theo.) expected using the best theoretical information (the probability that the measured
R
is a statistical fluctuation below the expected value is 0.39%). A simultaneous fitting to zenith angle distributions of upward stopping and through-going muons gives a result which is consistent with the hypothesis of neutrino oscillations with the parameters sin
22
θ>0.7 and 1.5×10
−3<
Δm
2<1.5×10
−2 eV
2 at 90% confidence level, providing a confirmation of the observation of neutrino oscillations by Super-Kamiokande using the contained atmospheric neutrino events.
In this paper, the fine pattern effect on both the leakage current and the soft recovery has been analyzed, for the first time. From experimental results, it has been achieved that the leakage ...current of the fine pattern MPS diode (FP-MPS) approaches to that of PiN diode while keeping high Schottky area ratio (-75%). Furthermore, FP-MPS obtains better trade-off relationship, such as Qrr-dv/dt.
In this paper an improved FWD design concept has been investigated having superior soft reverse recovery behavior, for the first time. The basic concept of the FWD design is a combination of low ...anode injection efficiency (MPS structure) and inhomogeneous lifetime controlling (platinum) in order to achieve the optimum carrier distributions. From experimental results, the rate of the rise in the cathode voltage (dV/dt) can be dramatically reduced. The new diode exhibits superior characteristics of the soft recovery than that of the conventional MPS diode, especially in the low current turn-on of the IGBT.
Experimental results of the IGBT turn-on characteristics using 1200 V/50 A Trench Oxide PiN Schottky (TOPS) diode as the free wheeling diode are described. Compared to the conventional PiN diode, the ...TOPS diode showed an approximately 25% reduction in the turn-on loss of the IGBT. A reduction of 40% in the peak collector current of the IGBT has been achieved which results in a substantial suppression in the noise emission.
This paper describes the experimental results of new Dual Gate MOS Thyristor (DGMOS), which can be fabricated with the same process technology as IGBT. In order to investigate the mechanism of ...turn-off failure in a large chip, which occurs lower current density compared with smaller chip, 9.0/spl times/7.2 mm 600 V-DGMOS with internal gate interconnection have been evaluated. The inhomogenious current distribution is the major reason of turn-off failure. In order to realize higher current handling capability, the formation of lower resistance gate interconnection is one of the key technologies as well as developing the new cell structure which has higher latch-up immunity.
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