The integration of 3D imaging for gynecological brachytherapy treatment planning allows the use of dose and volume parameters to describe the dose distribution related to target volumes and normal ...tissue. The dose and volume specifications introduced by the GEC ESTRO serve as recommendations for recording and reporting, and can also be used for prospective treatment planning. However, these dose volume histogram parameters do not fully describe the spatial dose distribution. By increasing the target conformity and dose shaping, accuracy in the 3D reconstruction of applicator geometry and its relation to the anatomy is paramount. This form of brachytherapy can be performed as real image-guided radiotherapy, with adaptive treatment planning for each application or fraction. Uncertainties and variations must be studied and taken into account to arrive at high-quality treatments with increased target dose and lower dose to the organs at risks.
At the Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna 3D imaging for brachytherapy has been intensively investigated during the last decade. An open magnetic resonance image (MRI) scanner ...(0.2T Siemens Magnetom Open-Viva®) was installed in 1997/1998 at the division of brachytherapy in order to support image-guided brachytherapy, particularly for the treatment of gynecological cancers and prostate cancer. The MRI device was adapted to the needs of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and brachytherapy 1. Specific image acquisition protocols were developed for prostate and gynecologic brachytherapy 1, 2. At the beginning, the translation of the traditional experience based on X-ray assisted treatment planning into image-guided treatment planning was studied 3. Finally, gynecological brachytherapy was performed MR image-guided 4, 5, 7, 10. In cooperation with the GYN-GEC ESTRO group, concepts and terms for delineation of gross tumor volume (GTV) and clinical target volume (CTV) and organs at risk (OAR) 8, treatment plan optimization by adaptation of dwell times and locations 5, 7, integration of biological modeling 18, development of 3D image-based parameters to potentially evaluate dose volume relations for GTV and CTV as well as for OAR 9 and for dose escalation, as appropriate and feasible were developed 9, 10. During these years, the departmental protocol for cervix cancer radiotherapy, and in particular for image-guided brachytherapy, was continuously developed 10. Since 2001, a systematic approach, which enables prospective application of the different parameters for improvement of target coverage and dose escalation, is applied 10. In 2007, based on the clinical experience collected during 1998–2003, the first mono-institutional study with clinical results on 145 patients treated with MR image-guided brachytherapy was published 10. Since 2008, dose-effect relationships for the target volumes and the OARs are available for this patient series 11–14.
The aim of this study was to establish the phylogenetic relationships of eight spined larch bark beetles. Beetles were collected from European and Asian populations, and from hosts and geographic ...areas where the species were first found. A region of the mitochondrial gene was analyzed and the blue-stain fungi associated with Ips cembrae in Europe were compared with those recorded as associated with the larch bark beetle in Japan. The European populations differed by 4.3 % from the Asian populations. The phylogenetic analysis placed the European and Asian haplotypes in significantly distinct clusters. This distinction was supported by the finding of an insertion/deletion in a non-coding region of the mitochondrial DNA. Furthermore, there are differences in the fungi associated with the eight spined larch bark beetles in Europe and Japan. The results suggest that the I. cembrae complex contains at least two taxa: I. cembrae infesting larch in Europe and I. subelongatus infesting larch in Asia.
D-optimal design and Projection to Latent Structures (PLS) analysis were used to optimize screening hit 5 (B. subtilis AcpS IC(50): 15 microM, B. subtilis MIC: >200 microM) into a series of ...4H-oxazol-5-one, small molecule, antibacterial, AcpS inhibitors. Specifically, 15, 16 and 18 show microM or sub-microM AcpS inhibition (IC(50)s: 15: 1.1 microM, 16: 1.5 microM, 18: 0.27 microM) and moderate antibacterial activity (MICs: 12.5-50 microM) against B. subtilis, E. faecalis ATCC, E. faecalis VRE and S. pneumo+.
D-optimal design and Projection to Latent Structures (PLS) analysis were used to optimize screening hit
5 (
B. subtilis AcpS IC
50: 15 μM,
B. subtilis MIC: >200 μM) into a series of 4
H-oxazol-5-one, ...small molecule, antibacterial, AcpS inhibitors. Specifically,
15,
16 and
18 show μM or sub-μM AcpS inhibition (IC
50s:
15: 1.1 μM,
16: 1.5 μM,
18: 0.27 μM) and moderate antibacterial activity (MICs: 12.5–50 μM) against
B. subtilis,
E. faecalis ATCC,
E. faecalis VRE and
S. pneumo
+
.
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