Extremely low dose, fast human-screening systems constitute a vital instrument in a modern world under terrorist threats. Only X-ray scanners provide visualization of concealed items hidden under ...clothing or inside the body. However, existing systems are inadequate in many large-crowd scenarios (including public transport) because of restrictions on dose load per person. The main aim of this paper is to develop an alternative system that provides satisfactory control. X-ray counting with energy resolution is recognized as the most promising technique to achieve the maximum sensitivity of X-ray detection. Therefore, combining the high sensitivity of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) to low-intensity light pulses with the high X-ray detection efficiency of modern fast inorganic scintillators, we are developing a prototype low-dose X-ray energy-resolved counting system for routine security purposes. Such an approach allows a reduction in the absorbed dose in a human body and can also improve the image quality for the typical doses currently used in the conventional X-ray systems. Moreover, a charge integration mode for high-intensity X-ray can extend the dynamic range of the system. In this paper, we present results obtained using a mature SiPM-based fast scintillation detector proof-of-concept prototype, incorporating an extremely low-dose X-ray scanner in counting mode, with energy discrimination.
Silicon photomultiplier and its possible applications Buzhan, P.; Dolgoshein, B.; Filatov, L. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
05/2003, Letnik:
504, Številka:
1-3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) is a semiconductor device consisting of many photon microcounters (103mm−2) positioned on a common Si substrate. SiPM operates in a limited Geiger mode and has ...single photoelectron gain (106) and photon detection efficiency (20%) similar to vacuum PMT. Main SiPM features are described and a number of examples of its possible applications are demonstrated, such as scintillator fiber readout, scintillator tiles+WLS readout, imaging Cherenkov counter timing. These SiPM applications are based on experimental test data and SiPM performance is compared with other photodetectors (PMT, APD, HPD, VLPC).
A test of silicon photomultipliers as readout for PET Otte, A.N.; Barral, J.; Dolgoshein, B. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
06/2005, Letnik:
545, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) is a novel photon detector based on Geiger mode operating avalanche photodiodes. In this paper, we present results from a test, demonstrating the feasibility of ...SiPM as readout elements in scintillator-based positron emission tomography (PET). As scintillator we use the newly developed LYSO crystals having similar characteristics as LSO. With our setup we measure an energy resolution of about 22% and a time resolution of a single crystal element of
(
1.51
±
0.07
)
ns
, both full-width at half-maximum. A significant improvement in time resolution could be achieved by triggering on the first photoelectron in the signal. We also present the coincidence rate of two detector channels vs. the position of a small point-like
22Na positron source.
Status report on silicon photomultiplier development and its applications Dolgoshein, B.; Balagura, V.; Buzhan, P. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
07/2006, Letnik:
563, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The state of art of the Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM's)—their features, possibilities and applications—is given. The significant progress of this novel technique of photo detection is described and ...discussed.
We report on the design, construction and performance of a prototype for a high-granularity tile hadronic calorimeter for a future international linear collider detector. Scintillating tiles are read ...out via wavelength-shifting fibers that guide the scintillation light to a novel photodetector, the silicon photomultiplier. A prototype has been tested using a positron test beam at DESY. The results are compared with a reference prototype calorimeter equipped with multichannel vacuum photomultipliers. Detector calibration, noise, linearity and stability are discussed, and the energy response in a 1–6
GeV positron beam is compared with simulations. The present results demonstrate that the silicon photomultiplier is well-suited as photodetectors in calorimeters and thus has been selected for the construction of a
1
m
3
calorimeter prototype to operate in hadron beams.
We discuss the silicon photomultiplier as a novel photon detector for the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cerenkov Telescope and the Extreme Universe Space Observatory. For these astroparticle ...experiments we pursue two different developments of the SiPM. One development is pursued at MEPhI, where prototypes are available. In the course of this paper we will describe some characteristics of these devices. The second development, which is using the back illumination principle is at present in its design phase.
One of the major drawbacks of a SiPM is due to the so-called cross-talk effect. Often, one single photon in a chain reaction can generate more photons and thus can fire more than one micro-cell of a ...SiPM. This can be considered as a noise in the signal multiplication process and this degrades the signal/noise ratio. In self-trigger schemes this noise can be so high that it can make operating them difficult at low threshold settings. For the past few years, we have dwelt on this effect aiming to suppress it at the design stage. One can use (a) trenches around the micro-cells for suppressing the direct photon “communication” channel and (b) the so-called double p–n junction for suppressing photon-induced charge “communication” in neighbor pixels. The low cross-talk is mandatory, for example, for producing SiPM-based light sensor modules for the Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Technique projects for ground-based gamma-ray astrophysics. We produced and tested a few modules consisting of 4 SiPMs, each with a size of 5
mm×5
mm of custom production type. We report here on the main parameters of these units.
Large area silicon photomultipliers: Performance and applications Buzhan, P.; Dolgoshein, B.; Filatov, L. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
11/2006, Letnik:
567, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) with large area up to
10
×
10
mm
2
are considered and their optimal parameters, such as efficiency, gain, dark rate, afterpulsing probability and optical ...crosstalk are discussed. The
3
×
3
mm
2
SiPM is described and its performance is demonstrated. Three examples of
3
×
3
mm
2
SiPM application are given: (1) transition radiation X-ray detection; (2) time of flight measurements with fast scintillators; (3) detection of PET gammas using LYSO crystals. Corresponding experimental results are presented and discussed.
The performance of the
200
×
2.5
×
1
cm
3
plastic scintillator strip with wavelength shifting fiber read out by two novel photodetectors called Silicon PhotoMultipliers (SiPMs) is discussed. The ...advantages of SiPM relative to the traditional multichannel photomultiplier are shown. Light yield and light attenuation measurements are presented. This technique can be used in muon or calorimeter systems.
The silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) is a novel photon detector based on Geiger mode operating avalanche photodiodes. In this paper we present experimental results which show that SiPMs can be used in ...positron emission tomography (PET). As scintillator we use the newly developed LYSO material, which has very similar characteristics to the widely used LSO. With our setup we measure an energy resolution of (21.5/spl plusmn/0.5)% and a coincidence time resolution of (1.51/spl plusmn/0.07) ns, both full width at half maximum. A significant improvement in time resolution could be achieved by triggering on the first photoelectron in the signal. We also present the coincidence rate of two detector channels vs. the position of a small pointlike /sup 22/Na positronium source.
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