Abstract Emotion information processing may occur in two modes which are differently represented in conscious awareness. Fast online processing involves coarse-grained analysis of salient features, ...and is not represented in conscious awareness; offline processing takes hundreds of milliseconds to generate fine-grained analysis, and is represented in conscious awareness. These processing modes may be studied using event-related electroencephalogram theta and delta synchronization as a marker of emotion processing. Two experiments were conducted, which differed on the mode of emotional information presentation. In the explicit mode subjects were explicitly instructed to evaluate the emotional content of presented stimuli; in the implicit mode they performed a gender discrimination task. Firstly, we show that in both experiments theta and delta synchronization is stronger upon presentation of “emotional” than “neutral” stimuli, and in subjects who are more sensitive, or experience higher emotional involvement than in less sensitive or detached subjects. Secondly, we show that in the implicit mode theta and delta synchronization is more pronounced in an early (before 250 ms post-stimulus) processing stage, whereas in the explicit mode it is more pronounced in a later processing stage. Source localization analysis showed that implicit processing of angry and happy (relative to neutral) faces is associated with higher early (before 250 ms) theta synchronization in the right parietal cortex and the right insula, respectively. Explicit processing of angry and happy faces is associated with higher late (after 250 ms) theta synchronization in the left temporal lobe and bilateral prefrontal cortex, respectively.
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•Ni-Zn and Ni-Zn-Co ferrite powders were prepared by the solid-state reaction at 1073K.•The room temperature saturation magnetizations are 59.7emu/g for Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 and 57.1emu/g ...for Ni0.5Zn0.3Co0.2Fe2O4.•The coercivity of the samples is found to be much larger than that of bulk ferrites and increases with Co introduction.•The temperature dependences of magnetization exhibit large spin frustration and spin-glass-like behavior.
Ni-Zn and Ni-Zn-Co ferrite powders with nominal compositions Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 and Ni0.5Zn0.3Co0.2Fe2O4 were prepared by the solid-state reaction synthesis with periodic regrinding during the calcination at 1073K. The structure of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 and Ni0.5Zn0.3Co0.2Fe2O4 was refined assuming space group F d-3m. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the average sizes of the crystalline ferrite particles are 130–630nm for Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 and 140–350nm for Ni0.5Zn0.3Co0.2Fe2O4. The room temperature saturation magnetizations are 59.7emu/g for Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 and 57.1emu/g for Ni0.5Zn0.3Co0.2Fe2O4. The coercivity of the samples is found to be much larger than that of bulk ferrites and increases with Co introduction. The Curie temperature tends to increase upon Zn substitution by Co, as well. The temperature dependences of magnetization measured using zero-field cooled and field cooled protocols exhibit large spin frustration and spin-glass-like behavior.
The crystal structures of C
23
H
30
O
6
·C
2
H
5
OH and C
23
H
30
O
6
·C
3
H
7
OH were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis at temperatures 100 K (space group P2
1
,
Z
= 2):
a
= 9.6973(4),
b
= ...7.4950(3),
c
= 16.1828(7) Å,
β
= 93.559(4)°,
R
= 0.0698 (C
23
H
30
O
6
·C
2
H
5
OH);
a
= 9.8941(3),
b
= 7.3833(2),
c
= 16.5816(5) Å,
β
= 90.110(3)°,
R
= 0.0318 (C
23
H
30
O
6
·C
3
H
7
OH). The method molecular Voronoi–Dirichlet polyhedra were also used to analyze non-bonded interactions in the structures of solvate crystals. The analysis showed that the studied solvates are isostructural. There is a slight increase in the fraction of intermolecular H/H contacts for isopropanol solvate.
Graphical Abstract
The crystal structures of C
23
H
30
O
6
·C
2
H
5
OH and C
23
H
30
O
6
·C
3
H
7
OH were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis at temperatures 100 K and the method molecular Voronoi–Dirichlet polyhedra were also used to analyze non-bonded interactions in the structures.
Arrangement of molecules in the unit cell of solvates of cortisone acetate (
a
—ethanol solvate;
b
—isopropanol solvate).
The neural underpinning of cooperative and competitive constructive activity has been investigated using mass-univariate approaches. In this study, we sought to compare the results of these ...approaches with the results of multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA). In particular, we wanted to test whether MVPA supports the claim made in previous studies that cooperation is associated with the activity of reward-related brain circuits. Participants were required to construct a pattern on the screen either individually or in cooperation or competition with another person during an fMRI scan. Both the MVPA classification methods and the representational similarity analysis indicated the involvement of orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal areas in processes that distinguish between cooperation and competition, and activation analysis showed that these areas are more active during cooperation than during competition. However, a single trial analysis showed that the effect was reversed when only winning trials were considered. In these trials, activation of reward-related areas was higher during competition than during cooperation. Moreover, the contrast between won and lost trials in terms of reward circuits involvement was sharper under competition than under cooperation. Thus, although cooperation can be generally more rewarding than competition, it is associated with smaller difference between trials lost and trials won in terms of reward circuits activation. One may speculate that in cooperation, victory and defeat are shared with the partner and, contrary to competition, are not experienced as personal achievement or failure.
•Highest classification accuracy of cooperation and competition is found in vmPFC.•Activation analysis shows that this area is more active during cooperation.•This effect is reversed when only winning trials are considered.•In competition, contrast between won and lost trials is sharper than in cooperation.
•Large magnetocaloric effect in DyRhSi and HoRhSi intermetallics is uncovered.•The observed value is higher than reported in other compounds of RTX family.•It is attributed to metamagnetic ...transition.•Magnetic ordering is confirmed in RRhSi based on DFT+U calculations.•Optical measurements show that rare-earth ions states mostly contribute to interband optical conductivity.
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We report magnetic, magneto-caloric, electronic structure, and optical properties of rare earth intermetallics RRhSi (R=Tb, Dy, Ho). These compounds show antiferromagnetic ordering at low temperatures. The magnetization data reveal field-induced metamagnetic transition in DyRhSi and HoRhSi compounds, which results in large magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in these compounds. In the case of Dy, the MCE is found to be larger than those of other analogs of the RTX family. Theoretical calculations confirm antiferromagnetic ordering in these compounds and show a negligible contribution of magnetic moment from Rh atom. The optical measurements carried out for these materials support the theoretical calculations. We uncover large magnetocaloric effect in DyRhSi and HoRhSi intermetallics attributed to metamagnetic transition and identify electronic states involved in the formation of magnetic and spectral properties based on DFT+U and optical studies.
•MVPA was used to reveal the neural basis for individual differences in cooperative and competitive behavior.•Agreeableness correlated with the consistency of spatial patterns of neural activation ...and inter-subject similarity in the dynamics of neural responses during cooperation.•Aggressiveness correlated with the consistency of spatial patterns of neural activation and inter-subject similarity in the dynamics of neural responses during competition.•Results show that agreeable individuals are more involved in cooperative interactions, whereas aggression-prone individuals are more involved in competitive interactions.
Much evidence links the Big Five’s agreeableness to a propensity for cooperation and aggressiveness to a propensity for competition. However, the neural basis for these associations is unknown. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, using multivariate pattern analysis of data recorded during a computer game in which participants were required to construct target patterns either in cooperation or in competition with another person, we sought to determine how individual differences in neural representations of cooperative and competitive behavior relate to individual differences in agreeableness and aggressiveness. During cooperation, agreeableness was positively correlated with the consistency of spatial patterns of neural activation in the left temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and showed positive correlations with inter-subject similarity in the dynamics of neural responses in the posterior default mode network hub and areas involved in the regulation of attention, movement planning, and visual perception. During competition, aggressiveness was positively correlated with the consistency of spatial patterns in the left and right TPJ and showed positive correlations with neural dynamics in visual processing and movement regulation areas. These results are consistent with the assumption that agreeable individuals are more involved in cooperative interactions with others, whereas aggression-prone individuals are more involved in competitive interactions.
The photocatalytic properties of new representatives of the family of metal-free catalysts, 10-hydro-9-phenylacridine, 10-methyl-9-phenylacridinium chloride, and 10-phenyl-9-phenylacridinium ...chloride, were studied with respect to the reaction of molecular hydrogen generation in the presence of acids of different strength (HClO
4
, CH
3
SO
3
H, and CF
3
COOH) and reducing agents (Bu
4
NCl, Bu
4
NBr, and Bu
4
NI). It was found that the strength of acids (p
K
a
) and the nature of the reducing agent (E
0
) significantly affect the efficiency, i.e. turnover frequency (TOF), of the process under study. The amount of formed molecular hydrogen reaches its maximum in the case of the combination HClO
4
and Bu
4
NI, characterized by minimal p
K
a
and E
0
values, respectively. The influence of the nature of substituents at the nitrogen atom in 9-phenylacridine on the efficiency of the molecular hydrogen production was analyzed. It was shown that the limiting stage of the process is the protonation of the formed radical.
The recent discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in single-layer iron selenide has generated significant experimental interest for optimizing the superconducting properties of iron-based ...superconductors through the lattice modification. For simulating the similar effect by changing the chemical composition due to S doping, we investigate the superconducting properties of high-quality single crystals of FeSe sub(1-x)S sub(x)(x = 0, 0.04, 0.09, and 0.11) using magnetization, resistivity, the London penetration depth, and low temperature specific heat measurements. We show that the introduction of S to FeSe enhances the superconducting transition temperature T sub(c), anisotropy, upper critical field H sub(c2), and critical current density J sub(c). The upper critical field H sub(c2)(T) and its anisotropy are strongly temperature dependent, indicating a multiband superconductivity in this system. Through the measurements and analysis of the London penetration depth lambda sub(ab)(T) and specific heat, we show clear evidence for strong coupling two-gap s-wave superconductivity. The temperature dependence of lambda sub(ab)(T) calculated from the lower critical field and electronic specific heat can be well described by using a two-band model with s-wave-like gaps. We find that a d wave and single-gap BCS theory under the weak-coupling approach cannot describe our experiments. The change of specific heat induced by the magnetic field can be understood only in terms of multiband superconductivity.
The results of studies of the electronic structure and optical properties of intermetallic compounds GdFeAl and GdFeSi are presented. The spin-polarized densities of electronic states and interband ...optical conductivity spectra are calculated using the DFT+
U
method, taking into account the influence of strong electronic interactions in the 4
f
-shell of Gd. The optical properties of these materials are studied by ellipsometry in the wavelength range 0.22–16 μm. The nature of light absorption is discussed on the basis of a comparative analysis of experimental and theoretical spectra. It is shown that the calculated densities of electronic states makes it possible to interpret qualitatively the main features of the frequency dependences of optical conductivity.
The electrochemical properties and electrocatalytic activity of 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1
H
-benzo
d
imidazolium-3 iodide (
I
), a representative of a new class of organic metal-free electrocatalysts, ...in the reaction of formation of molecular hydrogen, in the presence of acids of various strengths (methanesulfonic acid (CH
3
SO
3
H), perchloric acid (HClO
4
), and trifluoroacetic acid (CF
3
COOH)) have been studied. It is shown that the efficiency of the electrocatalytic process strongly depends on p
K
a
of the acids used. Using gas chromatography and preparative electrolysis at half-wave potentials, it was shown that molecular hydrogen formed with high Faraday yields in all cases. The behavior of the catalytic wave on the cyclic voltammogram (CV), at various ratios of acid and catalyst concentrations in the presence of all acids is typical for the process proceeding according to a homogeneous mechanism. The mechanism of the process was studied by the density functional method (DFT), and its main intermediates were identified. The protonation of electrochemically generated radicals at the C-2 carbon atom of compound
I
, with the formation of a C-protonated radical cation, was shown to be the key stage of the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
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