The production of ethanol from starch has been investigated in a genetically modified
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, YPB-G, which secretes a bifunctional fusion protein that contains both the
...Bacillus subtilis α-amylase and the
Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase activities. The effects of a number of environmental factors on starch degradation, ethanol production, and plasmid stability have been assessed in batch culture. These include initial glucose supply, colony selection methodology prior to inoculation, and medium formulation. Cultures containing 40
g/l starch were observed to degrade starch effectively and produce higher amounts of ethanol in shorter periods. The provision of glucose in the growth medium during the early phases of fermentation resulted in faster growth and higher ethanol productivities. YE-Salts medium was found to support plasmid-containing cells throughout the whole fermentation; only 15% of the recombinant cells had lost the plasmid content by the end of the fermentation of 120
h. Fed-batch cultures produced high yields of ethanol on starch (0.46
g ethanol/g substrate) through the longer production period.
IntroductionWe sought to assess the impact of Affordable Care Act Dependent Care Expansion (ACA-DCE), which allowed dependent coverage for adults aged 19-25, and Medicaid expansion on outcomes for ...men with testicular cancer.MethodsUsing a US-based cancer registry, we performed adjusted difference-in-difference (DID) analyses comparing outcomes between men aged 19-25 (n = 8,026) and 26-64 (n = 33,303) pre- (2007-2009) and post-ACA-DCE (2011-2016) and between men in states that expanded Medicaid (n = 2,296) to men in those that did not (n = 2,265)pre- (2011-2013) and post-Medicaid expansion (2015-2016).ResultsIn ACA-DCE analysis, rates of uninsurance decreased (DID -5.64, 95% confidence interval CI -7.23 to -4.04%, p<0.001) among patients aged 19-25 relative to older patients aged 26-64. There was no significant DID in advanced stage at diagnosis (stage≥II; p = 0.6) or orchiectomy more than 14 days after diagnosis (p = 0.6). For patients who received chemotherapy or radiotherapy as their first course of treatment, treatment greater than 60 days after diagnosis decreased (DID -4.84%, 95% CI -8.22 to -1.45%, p = 0.005) among patients aged 19-25 relative to patients aged 26-64. In Medicaid expansion states, rates of uninsurance decreased (DID -4.20%, 95% CI -7.67 to -0.73%, p = 0.018) while patients receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy greater than 60 days after diagnosis decreased (DID -8.76, 95% CI -17.13 to -0.38%, p = 0.040) compared to rates in non-expansion states. No significant DIDs were seen for stage (p = 0.8) or time to orchiectomy (p = 0.1).ConclusionsMen with testicular cancer had lower uninsurance rates and decreased time to delivery of chemotherapy or radiotherapy following ACA-DCE and Medicaid expansions. Time to orchiectomy and stage at diagnosis did not change following either insurance expansion.
The genetically modified
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (YPB-G) which secretes a bifunctional fusion protein that contains both the
Bacillus subtilis α-amylase and the
Aspergillus awamori ...glucoamylase activities was used for the direct conversion of starch into ethanol. Starch was added instantaneously to the reactor at various discrete time instants (pulse feeding), or at a constant flow rate in either equal or unequal sub-intervals (intermittent feeding). Experiments with intermittent feeding of starch yielded poor biomass and ethanol yields. Pulse experiments were initiated with starch concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 40 and 50
g/l, and then single, two or three feedings were made. Optimal feeding policy was found to depend heavily on initial conditions. Ethanol yields increased from 0.335 to 0.499
(g
ethanol)/(g
substrate) upon decreasing the initial starch concentration from 50 to 10
g/l and increasing the number of low starch containing pulses. Starch degradation rates were slower and fermentation times were longer for experiments initiated with minimal amounts (0 and 10
g/l) of starch.
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