We report the detection at 850 mu m of the central source in SSA22-LAB1, the archetypal "Lyman- alpha Blob" (LAB), a 100 kpc scale radio-quiet emission-line nebula at z = 3.1. The flux density of the ...source, S sub(850) = 4.6 + or - 1.1 mJy, implies the presence of a galaxy or group of galaxies with a total luminosity of L sub(IR) approximate 10 super(12) L sub(middot in circle). The position of an active source at the center of a ~50 kpc radius ring of linearly polarized Ly alpha emission detected by Hayes et al. suggests that the central source is leaking Ly alpha photons preferentially in the plane of the sky, which undergo scattering in H I clouds at a large galactocentric radius. The Ly alpha morphology around the submillimeter detection is reminiscent of a biconical outflow, and the average Ly alpha line profiles of the two "lobes" are dominated by a red peak, which is expected for a resonant line emerging from a medium with a bulk velocity gradient that is outflowing relative to the line center. Taken together, these observations provide compelling evidence that the central active galaxy (or galaxies) is responsible for a large fraction of the extended Ly alpha emission and morphology. Less clear is the history of the cold gas in the circumgalactic medium being traced by Ly alpha : is it mainly pristine material accreting into the halo that has not yet been processed through an interstellar medium (ISM), now being blown back as it encounters an outflow, or does it mainly comprise gas that has been swept-up within the ISM and expelled from the galaxy?
Intra-Annual Density Fluctuations (IADFs) are an important wood functional trait that determine trees' ability to adapt to climatic changes. Here, we use a large tree-ring database of 11 species from ...89 sites across eight European countries, covering a climatic gradient from the Mediterranean to northern Europe, to analyze how climate variations drive IADF formation. We found that IADF occurrence increases nonlinearly with ring width in both gymnosperms and angiosperms and decreases with altitude and age. Recently recorded higher mean annual temperatures facilitate the formation of IADFs in almost all the studied species. Precipitation plays a significant role in inducing IADFs in species that exhibit drought tolerance capability, and a growth pattern known as bimodal growth. Our findings suggest that species with bimodal growth patterns growing in western and southern Europe will form IADFs more frequently, as an adaptation to increasing temperatures and droughts.
Recombinant therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) can be expressed, assembled, and glycosylated in plants. Transgenic plants, producing anti-rabies mAb and anti-colorectal cancer mAb, were obtained ...from Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The heavy chain (HC) of anti-rabies mAb was fused to the Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL) endoplasmic reticulum retention signal whereas the HC of anti-colorectal cancer mAb was not fused to the KDEL sequence. Gel release of glycans and detection by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), together with computer assisted analysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALD-TOF) mass spectrometry, revealed that the plant-derived anti-rabies mAb with KDEL contained mainly oligomannose type
N-glycans while the plant-derived anti-colorectal cancer mAb carried mainly biantennary glycans with and without a pentose sugar, that is thought to be xylose. This finding indicates that the KDEL sequence can affect the N-glycosylation processing of antibody in plant cells. The plant-derived mAbs with addition of a KDEL sequence did not contain any of the known antigenic glycan epitopes that are frequently found in other plant glycans or in mammalian-derived mAbs. The altered glycosylation on both plant-derived mAbs did not affect the activities that are required for therapy. These results indicate that plant genetic engineering could provide an effective and inexpensive means to control the glycosylation of therapeutic proteins such as mAbs, by the addition of a KDEL signal as a regulatory element.
We investigate the properties of the galaxies selected from the deepest 850-...m survey undertaken to date with (Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2) SCUBA-2 on the James Clerk Maxwell ...Telescope as part of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey. A total of 106 sources (>5...) were uncovered at 850 ...m from an area of ...150 arcmin^sup 2^ in the centre of the COSMOS/UltraVISTA/Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS) field, imaged to a typical depth of ... ... 0.25 mJy. We utilize the available multifrequency data to identify galaxy counterparts for 80 of these sources (75 per cent), and to establish the complete redshift distribution for this sample, yielding $\bar{z} = 2.38\pm 0.09$. We have also been able to determine the stellar masses of the majority of the galaxy identifications, enabling us to explore their location on the star formation rate:stellar mass (SFR:M*) plane. Crucially, our new deep 850-...m-selected sample reaches flux densities equivalent to SFR ... 100 M... yr^sup -1^, enabling us to confirm that sub-mm galaxies form the high-mass end of the 'main sequence' (MS) of star-forming galaxies at z > 1.5 (with a mean specific SFR of sSFR = 2.25 ± 0.19 Gyr^sup -1^ at z ... 2.5). Our results are consistent with no significant flattening of the MS towards high masses at these redshifts. However, our results add to the growing evidence that average sSFR rises only slowly at high redshift, resulting in log^sub 10s^SFR being an apparently simple linear function of the age of the Universe. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.)
We present a new determination of the star-forming main sequence (MS), obtained through stacking 100k K-band-selected galaxies in the far-IR Herschel and James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) imaging. ...By fitting the dust emission curve to the stacked far-IR photometry, we derive the IR luminosities (LIR) and, hence, star formation rates (SFR) out to z~7. The functional form of the MS is found, with the linear SFR-M* relation that flattens at high stellar masses and the normalization that increases exponentially with redshift. We derive the corresponding redshift evolution of the specific star formation rate (sSFR) and compare our findings with the recent literature. We find our MS to be exhibiting slightly lower normalization at z<=2 and to flatten at larger stellar masses at high redshifts. By deriving the relationship between the peak dust temperature (Td) and redshift, where Td increases linearly from ~20K at z=0.5 to ~50 K at z=6, we conclude that the apparent inconsistencies in the shapes of the MS are most likely caused by the different dust temperatures assumed when deriving SFRs in the absence of far-IR data. Finally, we investigate the derived shape of the star-forming MS by simulating the time evolution of the observed galaxy stellar mass function (GSMF). While the simulated GSMF is in good agreement with the observed one, some inconsistencies persist. In particular, we find the simulated GSMF to be somewhat overpredicting the number density of low-mass galaxies at z>2.
Understanding how galaxies quench their star formation is crucial for studies of galaxy evolution. Quenching is related to the cold gas decrease. In the first paper we showed that the dust removal ...timescale in early-type galaxies (ETGs) is about 2.5 Gyr. Here we present carbon monoxide (CO) and 21 cm hydrogen (H I) line observations of these galaxies and measure the timescale of removal of the cold interstellar medium (ISM). We find that all the cold ISM components (dust, molecular and atomic gas) decline at similar rates. This allows us to rule out a wide range of potential ISM removal mechanisms (including starburst-driven outflows, astration, a decline in the number of asymptotic giant branch stars), and artificial effects like stellar mass-age correlation, environmental influence, mergers, and selection bias, leaving ionization by evolved low-mass stars and ionization/outflows by supernovae Type Ia or active galactic nuclei as viable mechanisms. We also provide evidence for an internal origin of the detected ISM. Moreover, we find that the quenching of star formation in these galaxies cannot be explained by a reduction in gas amount alone, because the star formation rates (SFRs) decrease faster (on a timescale of about 1.8 Gyr) than the amount of cold gas. Furthermore, the star formation efficiency of the ETGs (SFE = SFR/MH2) is lower than that of star-forming galaxies, whereas their gas mass fractions (fH2 = MH2/M*) are normal. This may be explained by the stabilization of gas against fragmentation, for example due to morphological quenching, turbulence, or magnetic fields.
•The hydrostatic extrusion was applied for low temperature deformation of the ZnMg.•The great grain refinement was observed after deformation process.•Received strength and plasticity satisfies the ...requirements for biodegradable stents.
The plastic deformation of biodegradable zinc alloy with 1wt% of magnesium by hydrostatic extrusion (HE) was performed. The influence of severe plastic deformation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZnMg was investigated. Cumulative extrusion with total true strain ε=3.33 was applied to the homogenised material. Microstructure observations carried out using scanning electron microscope (SEM)/ Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) methods, as well as static tensile tests, revealed outstanding results. After the deformation, grain refinement causing substantial strengthening of the material was observed. An average grain size equal to 700nm and YS=316MPa, UTS=435MPa with εf=35% was obtained. These results indicate that the HE method enables the grain refinement level and mechanical properties of ZnMg to be obtained, which would not be possible with conventional methods of plastic deformation. The properties of the Zn alloy after HE satisfy the requirements for bioresorbable stent applications.
GRBs produced by the collapse of massive stars are usually found near the most prominent star-forming regions of star-forming galaxies. GRB 171205A happened in the outskirts of a spiral galaxy, a ...peculiar location in an atypical GRB host. In this paper we present a highly-resolved study of the molecular gas of this host, with CO(1-0) observations from ALMA. We compare with GMRT atomic HI observations, and with data at other wavelengths to provide a broad-band view of the galaxy. The ALMA observations have a spatial resolution of 0.2" and a spectral resolution of 10 km/s, observed when the afterglow had a flux density of ~53 mJy. This allowed a molecular study both in emission and absorption. The HI observations allowed to study the host galaxy and its extended environment. The CO emission shows an undisturbed spiral structure with a central bar, and no significant emission at the location of the GRB. Our CO spectrum does not reveal any CO absorption, with a column density limit of < 10^15 cm^-2. This argues against the progenitor forming in a massive molecular cloud. The molecular gas traces the galaxy arms with higher concentration in the regions dominated by dust. The HI gas does not follow the stellar light or the molecular gas and is concentrated in two blobs, with no emission towards the centre of the galaxy, and is slightly displaced towards the southwest of the galaxy, where the GRB exploded. Within the extended neighbourhood of the host galaxy, we identify another prominent HI source at the same redshift, at a projected distance of 188 kpc. Our observations show that the progenitor of this GRB is not associated to a massive molecular cloud, but more likely related to low-metallicity atomic gas. The distortion in the HI gas field is indicator of an odd environment that could have triggered star formation and could be linked to a past interaction with the companion galaxy.
Increased IgG and oligoclonal bands are found in cerebrospinal fluid of humans with chronic infectious CNS disease. Studies have shown that these oligoclonal bands are antibodies directed against the ...agent that causes disease. Laser-capture microdissection was used to isolate individual CD38+ plasma cells from the brain of a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and single-cell RT-PCR was used to analyze individual IgG heavy and light chains expressed by each cell. Based on overrepresented IgG sequences, we constructed functional recombinant antibodies (recombinant IgGs) and determined their specificities. Five of eight recombinant IgGs recognized measles virus, the cause of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. These results demonstrate that overrepresented IgG sequences in postmortem brains can be used to produce functional recombinant antibodies that recognize their target antigens. This strategy can be used to identify disease-relevant antigens in CNS inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology.
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