Croatian islands are olive growing areas characterized by poor conditions for olive trees because of karst soil and a precipitation deficiency. Under these conditions, irrigation is a very important ...factor for constant olive oil production. This paper aims to investigate the effects of different watering regimes on quantity, sensory and chemical quality and composition of Coratina cv. olive oil obtained from trees grown on ameliorate karst soil during two harvesting years. Olive trees were subjected to rainfed conditions and three different irrigation treatments (T1—deficit irrigation representing the usual producer’s practice, T2—regulated deficit irrigation in respect to phenological stages, T3—full irrigation). Irrigation treatments increased oil yield compared to rainfed conditions (T1 + 58%, T2 + 66% and T3 + 74%, representing average values for both studied years). All olive oil samples were of extra quality. Irrigation led to a decrease in carotenoids, volatiles, polyunsaturated fatty acids and linolenic acid contents, with no difference found among irrigation treatments. Total phenols and secoiridoids concentration was not affected by irrigation, indicating that similar oil quality could be achieved with less demand on the water supply. Obtained results could help producers to define a suitable irrigation management in particular conditions of ameliorate karst.
Abundance and mortality of Western corn rootworm eggs during the winter in the soil are the primary factor that determinates the potential damage of larvae on the maize roots in spring. The aim of ...investigation is to determine the relationship between the capture of western corn rootworm adults on baits and the estimated abundance of oviposited eggs in autumn and spring. Second aim was to describe the relationship between the estimated number of eggs in autumn and spring of next year to determine the ratio of mortality in the given circumstances. Data on the number of eggs in autumn and spring were analyzed by binominal estimate of the population number based on frequency of occurrence. Relationship between the estimated number of eggs in autumn and spring is described by linear regression model. There was a positive correlation between the data of captures of adult corn rootworm on baits and the estimated number of eggs in autumn and spring. Coefficient describes strong relationship. Linear model that describes winter mortality of eggs (y = 0,6505x – 512 586 (R² = 0,955*1) was set.
The ionosphere introduces positioning error in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). There are several approaches for minimizing the error, with various levels of accuracy and different extents ...of coverage area. To model the state of the ionosphere in a region containing low number of reference GNSS stations, a locally adapted NeQuick 2 model can be used. Data ingestion updates the model with local level of ionization, enabling it to follow the observed changes of ionization levels. The NeQuick 2 model was adapted to local reference Total Electron Content (TEC) data using single station approach and evaluated using calibrated TEC data derived from 41 testing GNSS stations distributed around the data ingestion point. Its performance was observed in European middle latitudes in different ionospheric conditions of the period between 2011 and 2015. The modelling accuracy was evaluated in four azimuthal quadrants, with coverage radii calculated for three error thresholds: 12, 6 and 3 TEC Units (TECU). Diurnal radii change was observed for groups of days within periods of low and high solar activity and different seasons of the year. The statistical analysis was conducted on those groups of days, revealing trends in each of the groups, similarities between days within groups and the 95th percentile radii as a practically applicable measure of model performance.
In almost all cases the modelling accuracy was better than 12 TECU, having the biggest radius from the data ingestion point. Modelling accuracy better than 6 TECU was achieved within reduced radius in all observed periods, while accuracy better than 3 TECU was reached only in summer. The calculated radii and interpolated error levels were presented on maps. That was especially useful in analyzing the model performance during the strongest geomagnetic storms of the observed period, with each of them having unique development and influence on model accuracy. Although some of the storms severely degraded the model accuracy, during most of the disturbed periods the model could be used, but with lower accuracy than in the quiet geomagnetic conditions. The comprehensive analysis of locally adapted NeQuick 2 model performance highlighted the challenges of using the single point data ingestion applied to a large region in middle latitudes and determined the achievable radii for different error thresholds in various ionospheric conditions.
In this review, an overview was given of the mutual interactions between nematodes and fungi of the genus Trichoderma sp. due to the potential of these fungi to protect plant roots from ...plant-parasitic nematodes on the one hand and the influence of nematodes (fungivores) on the efficacy of the fungus on the other. In addition, an overview of the advantages of Trichoderma sp. for agricultural production was given. The basis of sustainable agricultural production is the healthy functioning of the soil ecosystem. The diversity of organisms—bacteria, protozoa, algae, metazoans (nematodes) and fungi—improves the quality and performance of the soil by maintaining biological productivity. Root exudates in the rhizosphere support microbial communities that play a key role in regulating the dynamics of organic matter decomposition and the availability of plant nutrients. The microbial activity of organisms in the soil is interconnected and interacts to form a soil food web that reflects the condition, function and health of the soil. The energy in food webs flows through trophic chains of consumers, which are divided into energy channels. Root, bacterial and fungal channels increase soil biomass, carbon (C) and energy flow through the soil food web. The structure of the nematode community is an effective tool for the biological assessment of soil quality. This is due to a number of characteristics that nematodes have, including the following: a great diversity of species, the possibility of subdivision according to different criteria such as trophic groups and c-p groups, the duration of reproduction, the ease of sampling, the identification of genera and preservation, etc. Nematodes are involved in various ecological functions in the soil, of which the interaction between them and fungi is based on antagonism or mutualism, which is the basis for a better understanding of their impact on the ecosystem. Fungi of the genus Trichoderma sp. are successful colonizers of all habitats, secondary opportunists and fast growing.
Zeolites are a large group of aluminosilicate minerals that appear in non-metamorphic rocks or are synthesized by humans. Interest in the use of zeolites in agricultural production has been growing ...in recent years, primarily because they are environmentally friendly. They are used to protect the plants from insects in open areas, as well as in warehouses. Research is being conducted on the effectiveness of zeolite in controlling the insect eggs, larvae, and adults, the cause of plant diseases, and weeds. The movement of insects on the treated parts of the plant is difficult because the zeolite particles are caught by their hairs, making it difficult for them to feed, so they eventually die. Aluminum-rich zeolites are mostly used as the means for drying the surface parts of plants, considering that water is needed for the infections caused by the fungi and bacteria, or they create a thin layer on a leaf surface that prevents the germination of spores and the development of certain plant diseases. Zeolites have a potential to be slowly released, and therefore they ensure that the active substance of the herbicide has a longer duration of effectiveness, whereby a potential for leaching and environmental pollution is being reduced.
Zeoliti su velika skupina aluminosilikatnih minerala koji se pojavljuju u nemetamor- foznim stijenama ili ih sintetizira čovjek. Posljednjih godina raste interes za korištenje zeolita u ...poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji prvenstveno jer su ekološki prihvatljivi. Koriste se u zaštiti bilja od kukaca na otvorenim površinama, ali i u skladištima. Provode se istraživanja djelotvornosti zeolita u suzbijanju jaja, ličinaka i odraslih jedinaka kukaca, uzročnika biljnih bolesti i korova. Kretanje kukaca po tretiranim dijelovima biljke je otežano jer se čestice zeolita hvataju za dlačice, pa im je ishrana otežana te u konačnici dolazi do ugibanja. Zeoliti bogati aluminijem većinom se koriste kao sredstva za isušivanje površinskih dijelova biljke s obzirom na to da je za nastanak infekcije koje uzrokuju gljive i bakterije potrebna voda, ili se na površini lista stvara tanki sloj koji sprječava klijanje spora i razvoj određene biljne bolesti. Zeoliti imaju mogućnost sporoga otpuštanja, te stoga osiguravaju da aktivna tvar herbicida ima trajniju učinkovitost, pa se smanjuje potencijal ispiranja i onečišćenja okoliša.
Biodiversity in the Mediterranean is undergoing a decline resulting in reduced ecosystem service provisions. Here we analysed the functional diversity of ground beetles in Mediterranean vineyards and ...olive orchards using species traits connected to their ecosystem services. Since previous studies showed that habitat type can affect ground beetle trait composition we hypothesized that the proportion of selected traits (body size, feeding preferences, and wing development) would be influenced by integrated pest management (IPM) and organic management (OM), and this would differ from unmanaged habitats. We analysed published data originating from vineyards and olive orchards in several Mediterranean countries with similar agricultural management practices, and for which ground beetles were sampled in a comparable way. We found that significantly more carnivorous species than herbivorous and omnivorous were present from unmanaged habitats compared to OM sites, while there were no significant differences between OM and IPM sites for ground beetles feeding preferences. The proportion of large brachypterous species was highest at unmanaged sites and lowest at IPM sites. Conversely, functional diversities in feeding preferences and size ranges were significantly lower at unmanaged sites. In Croatian sites only, medium-sized macropterous carnivores were the most abundant beetle fauna, with more predatory individuals found in OM sites. Overall, unmanaged habitats supported a higher proportion of carnivorous ground beetle species, while size and wing development were more variable among the sites.
Olive Olea europaea L) is a Mediterranean fruit crop that requires irrigation to achieve optimal yield and quality. Irrigation practices and damage of olive fruit curculio Rhodocyrtus cribripennis ...(Desbrochers, 1869)), a pest of olive fruit, may be an important factor in determining the stage of fruit maturity, one of the main indicator of of fruit quality. The aim of this paper is to determine how different practices, through the amount and frequency of irrigation, with presence of olive fruit curculio, affect the maturity index of olive, variety 'Coratina'. The research was conducted on 24 olive trees at two locations in Zadar County: Zman (Dugi otok) and Novigrad. Irrigation was performed with a drip system with four variants in three replicates: K (0%) rainfed olives; Tl (PP) irrigation set according to grower experience; T2 (SAN) irrigation set according to evapotranspiration and olive phenology, at up to 80% of field capacity and T3 (100%) where 100% of calculated evapotranspiration was added. Soil analysis determined the field capacity, and evapotranspiration was read from the PinovaTM meteorological station. Harvests was conducted in October 2020 and 2021. For determination of olive fruit curculio infestation and maturity index, 100 fruits per sample were harvested. By processing the data with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and return test (Tukey), the significant effect of irrigation practices on the olive fruit maturity index by treatments, years and locations, single and interdependent, was determined. No effect was found between the presence of olive fruit curculio and the maturity index. Keywords: irrigation, maturity index, olive fruit curculio, SAN, Zadar County Maslina Olea europaea L) je mediteranska vocna kultura koja zahtjeva navodnjavanje kako bi se postigao optimalni prinos i kvaliteta. Prakse navodnjavanja i stete od maslininog svrdlasa Rhodocyrtus cribripennis (Desbrochers, 1869.)),stetnika koji napada plod, mogu biti bitan dmbenik pri odredivanju stupanja zrelosti, jednog od glavnih indikatora kakvoce ploda. Cilj rada je utvrditi kako razlidta praksa, pri odredivanju kolicine i ucestalosti obroka navodnjavanja, uz prisutnost svrdlasa, utjece na indeks zrelosti masline, sorte 'Coratina (1) . Istrazivanje je provedeno na 24 stabla masline na dvije lokacije u Zadarskoj zupaniji: Zman (Dugi otok) i Novigrad. Navodnjavanje je provedeno sustavom kap na kap sa cetiri varijante u tri ponavljanja: K(0%) samo kisenje, Tl(PP) proizvodac odredivao obroke prema iskustvu, T2(SAN) obroci odredivani obzirom na evapotranspiraciju i fenofazu razvoja, s do 80% poljskog kapaciteta tia i T3(100%) dodavanje vode do 100% od izracunate evapotranspiracije. Analizom tia odreden je poljski kapacitet, a evapotranspiracija je odtavana s meteopostaje PinovaTM. Berbe su obavljene u listopadu 2020. i 2021. Za odredivanje stete od svrdlasa te indeksa zrelosti ubrano je 100 plodova po uzorku. Obradom podataka jednosmjernom analizom varijance (ANOVA) i povratnim testom (Tukey), utvrden je statisticki znacajan utjecaj praksi navodnjavanja na indeks zrelosti ploda masline po tretmanima, godinama i lokacijama, jednostruko i u meduovisnosti. Nije ustanovljen utjecaj izmedu prisutnosti svrdlasa i indeksa zrelosti. Kljucne rijeci: indeks zrelosti, maslinin svrdlas, navodnjavanje, SAN, Zadarska zupanija Olive Olea europaea L) is a Mediterranean fruit culture. Although cultivated on shallow and skeletal soil with low soil capacity for water, irrigation is required in order to achieve a satisfactory yield and quality of the olive fruit. The olive fruit curculio Rhodocyrtus cribripennis (Desbrochers, 1869.) is a periodic pest of the olive. With the appearance of adults, it damages the fruit by biting it, which affects the quality. An important factor in harvesting and achieving top quality is the degree maturity index of fruit. The aim of this paper is to determine how different practices, through the quantity and frequency of irrigation, on skeletal and heterogeneous soil, with the presence of olive fruit curculio, influences the fruit maturity index of 'Coratina' variety. The research was conducted on 24 olive trees during 2020 and 2021 at two locations in Zadar County, Croatia: Zman (Dugi otok) and Novigrad. Irrigation was done using a drip system with four variants in three repetitions. The treatments in the experiment represented different irrigation practices: K (0%) - olive trees without irrigation in vegetation, only rain fed, TI (PP) - production practice, irrigation set according to grower experience, T2 (SAN) - irrigation set according to evapotranspiration and olive phenology, at up to 80% of the field water capacity and T3 (100%) - addition of water up to 100% of the calculated evapotranspiration. The soil analysis determined the field capacity for water, and the precipitation and evapotranspiration were determined using the Pinova TM agricultural meteorological stations. Harvests were done on 12 (th) of October 2020 and 10 (th) of October 2021 at Zman and 23 (th) of October 2020 and 17 (th) of October 2021 at locality Novigrad. One hundred fruits per sample were harvested to determine the damage by olive fruit curculio and maturity index according to the standardized procedure. The statistical processing of data by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a reverse test (Tukey) determines the influence of irrigation and the presence of olive fruit curculio on the stage of the fruit maturity index. The K treatment had the lowest value of the maturity index at both locations. Taking into consideration treatments and years, in both years the index of maturity showed the lowest value for the treatment of K (from 0,38 to 0,68) and the highest value for the treatment of T3, from 0,51 to 1,19. By treatments and locations, the maturity index was higher at location Novigrad. The effect of the researched irrigation practices on the index of olives fruit maturity by treatments, years and locations, single and interdependence, was determined. Furthermore, results showed that the presence of olive fruit curculio was highest in the rain fed treatment and the treatment where 100% water of the calculated evapotranspiration was added, while the lowest presence was in the treatment where irrigation was determined according to evapotranspiration and olive phenology. Damage from olive fruit curculio to both locations was higher in 2021. There was no statistically determined difference of damages caused by the olive fruit curculio, by treatments and locations. The influence between the presence of olive fruit curculio and the maturity index had a low correlation coefficient (r= - 0,24) and setting a statistical regression model for this relation was not justified.
Olive Olea europaea L) is a Mediterranean fruit crop that requires irrigation to achieve optimal yield and quality. Irrigation practices and damage of olive fruit curculio Rhodocyrtus cribripennis ...(Desbrochers, 1869)), a pest of olive fruit, may be an important factor in determining the stage of fruit maturity, one of the main indicator of of fruit quality. The aim of this paper is to determine how different practices, through the amount and frequency of irrigation, with presence of olive fruit curculio, affect the maturity index of olive, variety 'Coratina'. The research was conducted on 24 olive trees at two locations in Zadar County: Zman (Dugi otok) and Novigrad. Irrigation was performed with a drip system with four variants in three replicates: K (0%) rainfed olives; Tl (PP) irrigation set according to grower experience; T2 (SAN) irrigation set according to evapotranspiration and olive phenology, at up to 80% of field capacity and T3 (100%) where 100% of calculated evapotranspiration was added. Soil analysis determined the field capacity, and evapotranspiration was read from the PinovaTM meteorological station. Harvests was conducted in October 2020 and 2021. For determination of olive fruit curculio infestation and maturity index, 100 fruits per sample were harvested. By processing the data with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and return test (Tukey), the significant effect of irrigation practices on the olive fruit maturity index by treatments, years and locations, single and interdependent, was determined. No effect was found between the presence of olive fruit curculio and the maturity index.
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