Neonicotinoids have been the most commonly used insecticides worldwide in the last two decades, whereas application of Copper (Cu) has a much longer history, especially in Mediterranean agriculture, ...(e.g. vineyards). Lately, large numbers of studies have shown negative effects of neonicotinoids on non-target species (especially on bees but also on other insects, and indirectly on insectivorous species like birds) being thus recently banned by EU commission. On the other hand, intensification of production in favour of ecological pest management increases the use of copper in pest control schemes and its absorption in agroecosystems. In this study we aimed to quantify the relationships between pesticide concentrations, including those with copper compounds, in soil, carabids and its prey at four sampling sites, in vineyards and olive groves under integrated (IPM) and ecological pest managements (EPM), and in pristine habitats in Zadar County, in Mediterranean region of Croatia. Soil, carabids, earthworms, snails and woodlice were sampled using pitfall traps and by hand. LC-MS/MS and ICP-MS technique were utilised to quantify pesticides and Cu concentrations in the soil and in the animals representing different trophic guilds. In addition we analysed changes in body shape symmetry of
Poecilus koyi
, one of the most dominant predatory carabid species in the study sites, in order to evaluate the potential environmental stress between maned and pristine habitats that can affect carabids during their development. Geometric morphometrics (GMM) has been used to analyse pronotum and abdomen shape variations, and left/right asymmetries in up to100 individuals of
P. koyi
per study site. Some preliminary results showed that body burden with pesticides differ between prey and predator organisms, and body concentrations of certain pesticides in carabid beetles did not correlate with those in the soil. Distribution of pesticide along different trophic guilds and changes in body shape and fluctuating asymmetry in
P. koyi
populations will be presented and discussed in details.
Several species of the genus Fusarium can cause apple fruit to rot while stored. Since Fusarium taxonomy is very complex and has constantly been revised and updated over the last years, the aim of ...this study was to identify Fusarium species from rotten apples, based on combined morphological characteristics and molecular data. We identified 32 Fusarium isolates from rotten apple fruit of cultivars Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Idared, and Pink Lady, stored in Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) conditions. Fusarium rot was detected in 9.4 % to 33.2 % of naturally infected apples, depending on the cultivar. The symptoms were similar in all four cultivars: a soft circular brown necrosis of different extent, with or without visible sporulation. Fusarium species were identified by the morphology of cultures grown on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and carnation leaf agar (CLA). Twenty one isolates were identified as Fusarium avenaceum and confirmed as such with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primer pair FA-ITSF and FA-ITSR. F. pseudograminearum,F. semitectum, F. crookwellense, and F. compactum were identified by morphological characteristics. F.avenaceum can produce several mycotoxins and its dominance in Fusarium rot points to the risk of mycotoxin contamination of apple fruit juices and other products for human consumption. Pathogenicity tests showed typical symptoms of Fusarium rot in most of the inoculated wounded apple fruits. In this respect Fusarium avenaceum, as the dominant cause of Fusarium rot in stored apple fruits is a typical wound parasite.
Fuzarijsku trulež ploda jabuke može uzrokovati veći broj vrsta roda Fusarium. Budući da je taksonomija roda Fusarium vrlo kompleksna te je podložna neprestanim promjenama posljednjih godina, cilj ovog rada bio je identificirati vrste roda Fusarium, izolirane sa zaraženih plodova jabuke na temelju morfoloških karakteristika i molekularnih analiza. Skupljena su ukupno 32 izolata roda Fusarium sa zaraženih plodova jabuke kultivara Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Idared i Pink Lady, nakon skladištenja u ULO („Ultra Low Oxygen“) uvjetima. Fuzarijska je trulež zabilježena na 9,4 % do 33,2 % plodova zahvaćenih skladišnim bolestima. Simptomi fuzarijske truleži bili su slični kod sva četiri kultivara, a javljali su se u obliku smeđe, mekane nekroze koja se postepeno širi, uz pojavu ili bez pojave vidljive sporulacije na površini ploda. Vrste su identificirane na temelju morfoloških karakteristika na krumpirsko-dekstroznom agaru (KDA) i agaru s listićem karanfila (LKA). Ukupno je 21 izolat determiniran kao vrsta Fusarium avenaceum, što je potvrđeno i lančanom reakcijom polimerazom (PCR) uz uporabu specifičnog para početnica FA-ITSF i FA-ITSR. Vrste F.pseudograminearum, F. semitectum, F. crookwellense i F. compactum identificirane su na temelju morfologije. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da je F. avenaceum, vrsta koja je potencijalni proizvođač nekoliko mikotoksina, dominantan uzročnik fuzarijske truleži ploda jabuke nakon skladištenja. Visok postotak zaraze fuzarijskom truleži može izazvati kontaminaciju sokova jabuke i ostalih proizvoda mikotoksinima, sekundarnim metabolitima vrsta Fusarium štetnih za ljudsko zdravlje. Testovi patogenosti pokazali su da većina izolata uzrokuje pojavu tipičnih simptoma fuzarijske truleži nakon inokulacije na oštećeni plod. Navedeno upućuje na činjenicu da je F. avenaceum, kao dominantan uzročnik fuzarijske truleži ploda jabuke tipičan parazit rana
The troposphere affects electromagnetic signal propagation causing signal path bending and the alteration of the electromagnetic wave velocity. Tropospheric delay can introduce a considerable error ...in satellite positioning if it is not properly estimated. The GPS signal delay can vary from 2 to 20 m depending on the elevation angles between the receiver and the satellite. Two basic types of delay prediction models exist. The first use surface meteorological parameters to estimate the value of the tropospheric delay, and the other models that do not require real-time meteorological input use average and seasonal variation data related to the receiver's latitude and day-of-year. This paper compares the performance of both types of model over a period of one year, comprising all seasons, to verify their accuracy over a longer period. The Saastamoinen model, known as one of the best performing prediction models, was taken as a reference and the global EGNOS model was used to check how the global estimates of the yearly averages of the meteorological parameters and their related seasonal variations comply with the real-time surface parameters.
Abundance and mortality of Western corn rootworm eggs during the winter in the soil are the primary factor that determinates the potential damage of larvae on the maize roots in spring. The aim of ...investigation is to determine the relationship between the capture of western corn rootworm adults on baits and the estimated abundance of oviposited eggs in autumn and spring. Second aim was to describe the relationship between the estimated number of eggs in autumn and spring of next year to determine the ratio of mortality in the given circumstances. Data on the number of eggs in autumn and spring were analyzed by binominal estimate of the population number based on frequency of occurrence. Relationship between the estimated number of eggs in autumn and spring is described by linear regression model. There was a positive correlation between the data of captures of adult corn rootworm on baits and the estimated number of eggs in autumn and spring. Coefficient describes strong relationship. Linear model that describes winter mortality of eggs (y = 0,6505x - 512 586 (R.sup.2= 0,955.sup.*1) was set. Keywords: egg mortality, maize, risk assessment, western corn rootworm
Abundance and mortality of Western corn rootworm eggs during the winter in the soil are the primary factor that determinates the potential damage of larvae on the maize roots in spring. The aim of ...investigation is to determine the relationship between the capture of western corn rootworm adults on baits and the estimated abundance of oviposited eggs in autumn and spring. Second aim was to describe the relationship between the estimated number of eggs in autumn and spring of next year to determine the ratio of mortality in the given circumstances. Data on the number of eggs in autumn and spring were analyzed by binominal estimate of the population number based on frequency of occurrence. Relationship between the estimated number of eggs in autumn and spring is described by linear regression model. There was a positive correlation between the data of captures of adult corn rootworm on baits and the estimated number of eggs in autumn and spring. Coefficient describes strong relationship. Linear model that describes winter mortality of eggs (y = 0,6505x - 512 586 (R.sup.2= 0,955.sup.*1) was set.
This paper presents a novel algorithm for intermodulation products counting in multicarrier systems. Intermodulation products are caused by the nonlinearity of the amplifiers’ transfer ...characteristic. Along the transmission network, broadband amplifiers are needed to boost up the signal level and compensate the signal attenuation. When the number of carriers increases, the number of intermodulation products also increases extremely fast. In our approach, selective counting procedure by grouping intermodulation products was introduced. The presented solution shows considerable reduction in computational effort in counting the number of intermodulation products in the individual channel, especially if the number of products is very large.
Global navigation satellite systems' performance is affected by the ionospheric signal delay. Ionospheric models are continuously enhanced to better describe ionospheric dynamics and reduce ...positioning errors. Changes in the geomagnetic field, influenced by the interplanetary magnetic field, reflect to the amount and distribution of the ionospheric ionization, quantified with the Total Electron Content (TEC). This paper characterizes the ionosphere over Europe during a geomagnetic storm. Combined information of temporal TEC change and spatial TEC gradients provides better overview of the ionospheric structures and enables clear insight in their dynamics and evolution.
GPS satellite broadcasting signals are subject to reflection and diffraction like any other type of electromagnetic waves. Multipath error results from interference between two radio waves which have ...travelled paths of different lengths between the transmitter and the receiver. GPS multipath is caused by the reception of signals arrived not only directly from satellites, but also reflected or diffracted from the local objects. Multipath results in an error in pseudorange measurements and thus affects the positioning accuracy, since the multipath signal takes a longer path than the direct signal. To verify the effects of multipath propagation on positioning performance, an experiment was conducted under controlled conditions. The specific location for the experiment was chosen, to allow controlled geometry of the reflective surface, antenna position and the critical satellite positions eventually causing multipath effects. During the 24 hour period, specific intervals were selected when multipath could be present, and the positioning performance was analyzed. The result of our experiment showed the degradation of positioning performance when multipath signals were present, causing shift of the calculated position.
Trešnja je visokoprofitabilna voćna kultura zbog vrijednosti ploda. Uz ostale agrotehničke mjere, pravilna gnojidba osigurava bolji i kvalitetniji prinos. Značajnu ulogu u postizanju ciljeva prilikom ...proizvodnje trešnje imaju makrohranjiva (N, P, K, Ca, Mg). U pojedinim fenofazama također se ističu uloge mikrohranjiva, poglavito bora (B). Velik doprinos rastu i razvoju voćke, kao i poboljšanju dostupnosti hraniva, imaju gnojiva na mikrobiološkoj osnovi. Mikorizne gljive, kao i ostale korisne gljive i bakterije, imaju značajnu ulogu u postizanju uspjeha prilikom gnojidbe. Pojedini problemi u procesu proizvodnje, kao što je pucanje plodova te neki nametnici, također se mogu smanjiti aplikacijom određenih sredstava za ishranu. Hranjive tvari potrebne voćki mogu se dodati preko površine tla, fertirigacijom ili folijarno. Kao što nedostatak nekog elementa ima štetne posljedice na biljku, tako i suvišak može štetno djelovati. Uz pravilno provedenu analizu tla ili biljnog materijala utvrđujemo preciznu potrebu za hranivima kako bismo održali ekološki prihvatljivu proizvodnju. Također, važna zadaća prilikom upravljanja gnojidbom svakako je očuvanje tla i okoliša u kojemu se biljka uzgaja.
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