We provide supporting details for the search for a 3+1 sterile neutrino using
data collected over eleven years at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The
analysis uses atmospheric muon-flavored ...neutrinos from 0.5 to 100\, TeV that
traverse the Earth to reach the IceCube detector, and finds a best-fit point at
$\sin^2(2\theta_{24}) = 0.16$ and $\Delta m^{2}_{41} = 3.5$ eV$^2$ with a
goodness-of-fit p-value of 12\% and consistency with the null hypothesis of no
oscillations to sterile neutrinos with a p-value of 3.1\%. Several improvements
were made over past analyses, which are reviewed in this article, including
upgrades to the reconstruction and the study of sources of systematic
uncertainty. We provide details of the fit quality and discuss stability tests
that split the data for separate samples, comparing results. We find that the
fits are consistent between split data sets.
This Letter presents the result of a 3+1 sterile neutrino search using 10.7
years of IceCube data. We analyze atmospheric muon neutrinos that traverse the
Earth with energies ranging from 0.5 to 100 ...TeV, incorporating significant
improvements in modeling neutrino flux and detector response compared to
earlier studies. Notably, for the first time, we categorize data into starting
and through-going events, distinguishing neutrino interactions with vertices
inside or outside the instrumented volume, to improve energy resolution. The
best-fit point for a 3+1 model is found to be at $\sin^2(2\theta_{24}) = 0.16$
and $\Delta m^{2}_{41} = 3.5$ eV$^2$, which agrees with previous iterations of
this study. The result is consistent with the null hypothesis of no sterile
neutrinos with a p-value of 3.1\%.
This Letter presents the result of a 3+1 sterile neutrino search using 10.7 years of IceCube data. We analyze atmospheric muon neutrinos that traverse the Earth with energies ranging from 0.5 to 100 ...TeV, incorporating significant improvements in modeling neutrino flux and detector response compared to earlier studies. Notably, for the first time, we categorize data into starting and through-going events, distinguishing neutrino interactions with vertices inside or outside the instrumented volume, to improve energy resolution. The best-fit point for a 3+1 model is found to be at \(\sin^2(2\theta_{24}) = 0.16\) and \(\Delta m^{2}_{41} = 3.5\) eV\(^2\), which agrees with previous iterations of this study. The result is consistent with the null hypothesis of no sterile neutrinos with a p-value of 3.1\%.
We provide supporting details for the search for a 3+1 sterile neutrino using data collected over eleven years at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The analysis uses atmospheric muon-flavored ...neutrinos from 0.5 to 100\, TeV that traverse the Earth to reach the IceCube detector, and finds a best-fit point at \(\sin^2(2\theta_{24}) = 0.16\) and \(\Delta m^{2}_{41} = 3.5\) eV\(^2\) with a goodness-of-fit p-value of 12\% and consistency with the null hypothesis of no oscillations to sterile neutrinos with a p-value of 3.1\%. Several improvements were made over past analyses, which are reviewed in this article, including upgrades to the reconstruction and the study of sources of systematic uncertainty. We provide details of the fit quality and discuss stability tests that split the data for separate samples, comparing results. We find that the fits are consistent between split data sets.
Bone cancer is considered a serious health problem, and, in many cases, it causes patient death. The X-ray, MRI, or CT-scan image is used by doctors to identify bone cancer. The manual process is ...time-consuming and required expertise in that field. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an automated system to classify and identify the cancerous bone and the healthy bone. The texture of a cancer bone is different compared to a healthy bone in the affected region. But in the dataset, several images of cancer and healthy bone are having similar morphological characteristics. This makes it difficult to categorize them. To tackle this problem, we first find the best suitable edge detection algorithm after that two feature sets one with hog and another without hog are prepared. To test the efficiency of these feature sets, two machine learning models, support vector machine (SVM) and the Random forest, are utilized. The features set with hog perform considerably better on these models. Also, the SVM model trained with hog feature set provides an F1-score of 0.92 better than Random forest F1-score 0.77.
The choroid plexus (ChP) is the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier and the primary source of CSF. Acquired hydrocephalus, caused by brain infection or hemorrhage, lacks drug treatments due to ...obscure pathobiology. Our integrated, multi-omic investigation of post-infectious hydrocephalus (PIH) and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) models revealed that lipopolysaccharide and blood breakdown products trigger highly similar TLR4-dependent immune responses at the ChP-CSF interface. The resulting CSF “cytokine storm”, elicited from peripherally derived and border-associated ChP macrophages, causes increased CSF production from ChP epithelial cells via phospho-activation of the TNF-receptor-associated kinase SPAK, which serves as a regulatory scaffold of a multi-ion transporter protein complex. Genetic or pharmacological immunomodulation prevents PIH and PHH by antagonizing SPAK-dependent CSF hypersecretion. These results reveal the ChP as a dynamic, cellularly heterogeneous tissue with highly regulated immune-secretory capacity, expand our understanding of ChP immune-epithelial cell cross talk, and reframe PIH and PHH as related neuroimmune disorders vulnerable to small molecule pharmacotherapy.
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•Integrated multi-omics study of infectious and hemorrhagic hydrocephalus•Blood or bacteria in CSF elicit highly similar ChP immune and secretory responses•Crosstalk between ChP immune and epithelial cells drives pathologic CSF secretion•Immunomodulators treat PIH/PHH by antagonizing a SPAK-regulated ChP transportome
Infectious and hemorrhagic hydrocephalus converge on highly similar immune and secretory responses at the choroid plexus that drive pathological cerebrospinal fluid secretion, thus opening up immunomodulation as a potential non-surgical intervention.
Plant proteinase inhibitors (PIs) have been well established to play a potent defensive role against predators and pathogens. Although diverse endogenous functions for these proteins has been ...proposed, ranging from regulators of endogenous proteinases to act as storage proteins, evidence for many of these roles is partial, or confined to isolated examples. On the other hand, many PIs have been shown to act as defensive compounds against pests by direct assay or by expression in transgenic crop plants, and a body of evidence for their role in plant defense has been accumulated consistently. The role and mechanism of action for most of these inhibitors are being studied in detail and their respective genes isolated. These genes have been used for the construction of transgenic crop plants to be incorporated in integrated pest management programmes. This article describes the classes of protease inhibitors, their regulation and genes used to construct transgenic plants against phytophagous insects.
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), caused by a begomovirus species complex, is a major constraint to cotton (
Gossypium hirsutum
) production in northwestern India. During 2006 to 2010, a surveillance ...was conducted to monitor the spread of CLCuD in Haryana and Rajasthan. Six different field symptoms, upward curling, downward curling, enation, vein thickening, severe curling and mild curling were documented. Six isolates associated with these symptom types were tested positive in PCR to cotton leaf curl Rajasthan virus. The isolates were successfully transmitted through whitefly (
Bemisia tabaci
) at the rate up to 73.3% to the resistant cotton cultivar, RS2013. All these six isolates were further characterised based on the complete nucleotide sequences of the viral genome and the associated betasatellites. These virus isolates shared highest sequence identity (86–99%) with the cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) and the associated betasatellites also shared highest sequence identity (78–92%) with cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB). Based on the sequence identity and phylogenetic analysis of the viral genome and betasatellite, these isolates were identified as variants of CLCuMuV. Recombination analysis revealed significant recombination events in these isolates with the other cotton infecting begomoviruses. The isolate, Mo-Raj-2 has been identified as a resistant breaking strain having a major recombination in the coding regions of both viral genome and betasatellite. The natural occurrence of disease symptoms, transmission of the virus isolates through whitefly and complete genome analysis of the virus revealed the association of recombinant variant of CLCuMuV with the breakdown of resistance in cotton in Rajasthan and Haryana, the major cotton belt of India.
A novel lectin (CAA-II) was isolated and purified from the seeds of Cicer arietinum by ammonium sulphate fractionation and affinity chromatography on an N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-linked agarose ...column. The lectin is composed of four identical subunits of 30 kDa and the molecular mass of the native lectin was estimated to be 120 kDa by gel filtration chromatography and confirmed by mass spectrometry. The lectin showed agglutination activity against rabbit erythrocytes (trypsin-treated and untreated) as well as against human erythrocytes. Haemagglutination inhibition assays showed that the lectin is a galactose-specific protein having a high affinity for N-acetyl-d-galactosamine. The molecular weight, haemagglutination pattern, carbohydrate specificity and N-terminal amino acid sequence indicated that the lectin is clearly distinct from the previously reported chickpea lectin CAA-I.
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