Reactive oxygen species (ROS, partial reduction or derivatives of free radicals) are highly reactive, dangerous and can cause oxidative cell death. In addition to their role as toxic by-products of ...aerobic metabolism, ROS play a role in the control and regulation of biological processes such as growth, the cell cycle, programmed cell death, hormone signaling, biotic and abiotic stress reactions and development. ROS always arise in plants as a by-product of several metabolic processes that are located in different cell compartments, or as a result of the inevitable escape of electrons to oxygen from the electron transport activities of chloroplasts, mitochondria and plasma membranes. These reactive species are formed in chloroplasts, mitochondria, plasma membranes, peroxisomes, apoplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum and cell walls. The action of many non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants present in tissues is required for efficient scavenging of ROS generated during various environmental stressors. The current review provides an in-depth look at the fate of ROS in plants, a beneficial role in managing stress and other irregularities. The production sites are also explained with their negative effects. In addition, the biochemical properties and sources of ROS generation, capture systems, the influence of ROS on cell biochemistry and the crosstalk of ROS with other signaling molecules/pathways are discussed.
The current study was conducted to examine the in vitro anticancer potential of
(bark, leaves, pulp and seed). The plant material was collected from UT of J&K and methodical bioassays were carried ...out on ten human cancer cell lines (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7), M.D. Anderson-Metastatic Breast (MDA-MB-231), Neuroblastoma-2a (N2A), SH-SY5Y, U-251, HCT-116, SW-620, A-549, MIA PaCa-2, Panc-1) from five different origins (breast, CNS, colon, lung, pancreas) respectively. Methanolic extracts were produced and fractions were then obtained from the extracts and evaluated for cytotoxicity. Mechanistic assays, HPLC, and GCMS profiling were performed on the highest active fraction. The Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay determined the in vitro cytotoxicity. The findings revealed that the bark portion had in vitro cytotoxicity against the A-549 human lung cancer cell line. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that the plant's bark has anticancer properties and induced chromatin condensation, confirmed cell death via ROS generation, and significantly decreased colony formation in A-549 cell line from lung origin in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, HPLC and GCMS investigations indicated the presence of a number of bioactive molecules such as gallic acid (144,969.86) uV*sec, caffeic acid (104.26) uV*sec, ferulic acid (472.87) uV*sec, vanillic acid (13,775.39) uV*sec, palmitic acid (18.34%), cis vaccenic acid (28.81%), etc. and one of the compounds was reported for the first time from the bark. As a result of its promising efficacy, it may become an essential cancer chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic medication for patients with lung carcinoma.
Although trace elements are essential for life, environmental contamination due to metal accumulation and overuse in various sectors, such as healthcare, agriculture, industry, and cosmetics, poses ...significant health concerns. Exposure of plants to heavy metals leads to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to their ability to change mitochondrial membrane permeability and restrict the action of ROS clearance enzymes in the cellular antioxidant system. The interaction of ROS with cellular membranes, heavy-metal-induced interactions directly or indirectly with different macromolecules, and signaling pathways leads to the accumulation of environmental pollutants and oxidative stress in exposed organisms. The heavy metal–ROS–cell signaling axis affects various pathological processes such as ATP depletion, excess ROS production, mitochondrial respiratory chain damage, decoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial death. This review focuses on discussing the toxic effects of different heavy metals on plants, with particular emphasis on oxidative stress, its consequences, and mitigation strategies.
The study of biochemical parameters provides an idea of the resistance of plants against air pollutants. Biochemical and Physiological parameters are studied with the help of Air pollution tolerance ...index (APTI). Fifteen plant species were evaluated to assess biochemical and APTI from two polluted sites (Phagwara Industrial area and Phagwara Bus stand area). The values of APTI were found to be highest for
Mangifera indica
(19.6),
Ficus religiosa
(19.3), and
Ficus benghalensis
(15.8) in the industrial area. On the roadside,
Mangifera indica
(16.8),
Ficus benghalensis
(16.5), and
Ficus religiosa
(16.4).
Mangifera indica
,
Ficus religiosa,
and
Ficus benghalensis
were found to be excellent performers in reducing pollution at both the sampling sites as per the APTI values. The order of tolerance was
Mangifera indica
>
Ficus religiosa
>
Ficus benghalensis
>
Polyalthia longifolia
>
Mentha piperita
in both the polluted sites. Morphological changes were observed in the plants, suggesting the possibility of pollution stress, which is probably responsible for the changes in biochemical parameters. As a result, the relationship between morphological and biochemical parameters of selected plant species growing in roadside and industrial areas was explored. The findings revealed that relative water content showed a significant positive and negative correlation with leaf surface texture and leaf surface area. On the other hand, ascorbic acid showed a significant positive correlation with them. In conclusion, it has been studied that morphological parameters including biochemical parameters can be proved to be important in investigating the ability of plants to cope with air pollution and in calculating tolerance index.
Air pollution has emerged as one of the most important aspects of environmental research, as the progress of human civilisation has significantly deteriorated the quality of air. Plants have a ...significant role in maintaining and monitoring ecological balance by actively participating in the cycling of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide and nutrients. Besides, they also provide a large leaf base for assimilation and deposition of airborne pollutants to reduce their concentration in the atmosphere. Plants, on the other hand, do not react to all types of pollutants. Hence, different plant species have different levels of potential to remediate a specific pollutant in the atmosphere. There are a variety of parameters on the basis of which plant species are selected for plantation. Before choosing any plant species for a plantation, each of these parameters should be thoroughly examined. Plants having greater air pollution tolerance index (APTI) values are more tolerant and act as a sink, whereas plants with lower APTI values are less tolerant and can be used to determine the air quality. With the help of the APTI method decisions regarding plant species, selection can be made while developing Green Belts around polluted or urban areas.
Drought and heavy metal stress undesirably disturb soil fertility and plant growth. Heavy metals pose severe biological toxic effects. Biochar, a carbon rich source application ameliorates this ...stress by increasing the plant growth, biomass, nutrient uptake and improves gaseous exchange in drought stress. Application of biochar reduces drought stress by increasing water holding capacity of soil through modification of soil physio-chemical properties that in turn increases water availability to plants and also enhances mineral uptake and regulation of stomatal conductance. Biochar mediates the retention of moisture, nutrients, inhibits harmful bacteria, absorbs heavy metals, pesticides, prevents soil erosion, increases soil pH, improves cationic exchange and boosts soil fertility. Drought and heavy metal stress often lead to production of reactive oxygen species. However, biochar significantly modifies the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) scavenging enzymes and provides an efficient electron transferring mechanism to tackle the toxic effects of ROS in plants. Biochar is regarded as a tool for the effective management of agricultural productivity and various environmental issues. This review provides insights on the potential role of biochar in ameliorating drought and heavy metal stress.
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•Drought and heavy metal toxicity negatively affect soil fertility and plant growth.•Biochar supplementation manages agricultural productivity and environmental issues.•Application of biochar helps in modifying the physio-chemical properties of soil.•Biochar application enhances water and mineral uptake and boosts soil fertility.•Biochar plays a pivotal role in heavy metal remediation from contaminated soils.
Background and aim: Platelet-rich fibrin is a healing biomaterial with greater potential for enhancing tissue and osseous healing and regeneration without inflammatory reactions and can be used alone ...or in combination with bone grafts to promote blood coagulation bone maturation and growth. Although the use of platelet-rich plasma in dentistry, enhancing peri-implant healing with immediate implants placement is not well authenticated. The main aim of this study is to assess the effect of Leukocyte-and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) on the peri-implant soft and hard tissue parameters in immediate implants.Materials and methods: The split-mouth, randomized controlled trial on 10 systematically healthy subjects with adequate and maintainable oral hygiene. Subjects were enrolled, and sites were specified. On one site, atraumatic extraction was followed by immediate implant placement, while at another site, atraumatic extraction was done, followed by immediate implant placement with L-PRF application. Patients were recalled after 1, 3, and 6 months to evaluate various parameters, including tissue biotype, whether thick or thin, radiographic radiolucency (present or absent), modified plaque index, modified sulcus bleeding index, probing depth. The data was compiled and evaluated with an ANOVA test with a significant p-value of 0.05.Results: Statistically significant values were observed in all the parameters evaluated after the surgical procedure at 1, 3, and 6-month intervals with immediate implant placement along with Leukocyte-and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) membrane in extraction sockets.Conclusion: Within the study's limitation, it can be concluded that L-PRF can be used as a therapeutic adjuvant in clinical conditions of one-stage single tooth implant placements.
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