V prispevku predstavljamo železnodobno središče v Podzemlju. Kronološki pregled starih raziskovanj naselja in pripadajočih grobišč dopolnjujemo s predstavitvijo prvih rezultatov novih ...naselbinskih izkopavanj na južnem vrhu Kučarja, kjer sta bili odkriti dve stopnji halštatske poselitve. Prvič so bile raziskane ostaline obrambnega nasipa, najverjetneje ruševine zidu, s katerim je bil južni vrh obdan šele v mlajši fazi. Na tem območju so bile ohranjene tudi sledi poselitve iz mlajše železne dobe.
Raziskave na južnem vrhu Kučarja in odkritje grobišča na Pezdirčevi njivi na zahodni strani naselja pomembno dopolnjujejo naše vedenje o razvoju železnodobnega središča v Podzemlju.
Na grobišču, najverjetneje planem, ki še ni v celoti raziskano in zamejeno, sta bili odkriti dve skupini grobov, ki ju datiramo na sam konec halštatskega obdobja in v mlajšo železno dobo, pri čemer slednja nedvomno sodi v viniško kulturno skupino.
Obe raziskavi sta še v teku in bosta celovito predstavljeni v prihodnjih letih.
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Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain ...Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain ...Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain ...Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain ...Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain ...Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain ...Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
We studied the influence of changing carotenoid pigments on the sensitivity of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) to photosynthesis dynamics. The goal of the measurements was to examine how ...the introduction of ΔPRI into the working dataset can improve the estimation of photosynthesis. Spectral and photosynthetic characteristics of European beech and Norway spruce saplings were periodically measured in growth chambers with an adjustable irradiance and temperature. Patterns of environmental changes inside the growth chambers were created by periodic changes in irradiance and temperature. Four general irradiance periods lasting 10–12 days each were established. Introduced irradiance regimes varied in the sum of daily irradiance and amplitude of irradiance changes. Temperature was changed with more complex patterns to induce changes in xanthophyll cycle pigments at various time scales within these regimes. Our measurements confirmed the PRI linkage to photosynthetic light use efficiency (LUE). However, the strength of this connection was found to be dependent on changing pigment concentrations, specifically on the change in the ratio of chlorophylls to carotenoids. Furthermore, a negative interference in photosynthesis estimation from PRI was recorded if the temperature was lowered overnight to 12 °C. The differential PRI (ΔPRI), calculated as the simple difference between the PRI value measured during the daytime period and in early morning (PRI0), revealed a decreased effect from pigments and cold temperature on LUE estimation. The regression analysis among all measured data identified an increased association between PRI and LUE following the introduction of ΔPRI from R2 = 0.26 to 0.69 in beech and from R2 = 0.61 to 0.77 in spruce data. The analyses showed that both leaf carotenoid concentrations and the conversion state of xanthophyll cycle pigments played a significant role in determining PRI and PRI0 values and that the accurate assessment of these pigments in PRI across multiple levels of stress from irradiance and temperature might improve estimations of LUE through ΔPRI. In our data, ΔPRI appeared to be a good measure of photosynthesis, the dynamics of which differed between beech and spruce saplings upon switching temperatures.
•We studied PRI dynamics in changing irradiance and temperature setup.•Sensitivity of PRI to LUE was dependent on the changing ratio of Chla+b/Carx+c.•Interference from Chla+b/Carx+c in LUE estimation was lowered when using ΔPRI.•Effect of low temperature on LUE estimation from PRI was reduced with ΔPRI.•Leaf area index of trees appeared to be an important driver in observed relationships.
We used automated spectroradiometers to continuously monitor changes in the optical parameters of phenological and photosynthetic traits in beech and spruce forests. We examined seasonal variations ...in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), photochemical reflectance index (PRI), and solar-induced fluorescence in the oxygen A band (SIFA) that was estimated using a 3-FLD discrimination method from radiance data. The optical parameters tracked the activation and cessation of photosynthesis in spring and autumn. Data at photon fluxes >1200 μmol m−2 s−1 during extended noon hours were used to link the seasonal PRI and SIFA variations to the dynamics of photosynthesis. Seasonal PRI was significantly correlated with photosynthetic light-use efficiency (LUE) with R2 values of 0.66 and 0.48 for the measurements in beech and spruce forests, respectively. SIFA emissions were significantly correlated with the gross primary production (GPP) of the evergreen spruce forest (R2 = 0.47), but R2 was only 0.13 when measured in the beech forest. The correlations between the optical parameters and GPP or LUE, however, tended to be lower when using a dataset with constant NDVI. Introducing an equation combining NDVI, PRI, and the quantum yield of SIFA emission increased R2 for LUE estimation to 0.77 in the spruce forest and 0.63 in the beech forest. GPP was estimated from the parametric equation with improved accuracy reaching R2 = 0.53 and RMSE = 5.95 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 in spruce forest and R2 = 0.58 and RMSE = 5.23 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 in beech forest. Parametric equations were more efficient in estimating photosynthesis in datasets that consisted of an entire season's data. By combining NDVI, PRI and the quantum yield of SIFA, we could thus substantially improve estimations of carbon fluxes in diverse deciduous and evergreen canopies.
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•The seasonal dynamics of optical indices over beech and spruce forests are evaluated.•Fluorescence and PRI are estimated from one spectral signature.•NDVI and PRI show different seasonal dynamics in deciduous and evergreen forests.•Solar-induced fluorescence at 760 nm shows seasonal dynamics with APAR and GPP.•Combining all parameters improves GPP estimation across the entire season.
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