Although the interaction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms is crucial for the functioning of ecosystems, information about the processes driving microbial interactions within ...communities remains scarce. Here we show that arginine-derived polyketides (arginoketides) produced by Streptomyces species mediate cross-kingdom microbial interactions with fungi of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, and trigger the production of natural products. Arginoketides can be cyclic or linear, and a prominent example is azalomycin F produced by Streptomyces iranensis, which induces the cryptic orsellinic acid gene cluster in Aspergillus nidulans. Bacteria that synthesize arginoketides and fungi that decode and respond to this signal were co-isolated from the same soil sample. Genome analyses and a literature search indicate that arginoketide producers are found worldwide. Because, in addition to their direct impact, arginoketides induce a secondary wave of fungal natural products, they probably contribute to the wider structure and functioning of entire soil microbial communities.
The inclusion of less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) in the care of preterm infants has been found to be beneficial for respiratory outcomes. Recently, the OPTIMIST trial found higher ...mortality rates in the subgroup of infants born at 25 to 26 weeks' gestational age (GA) who received surfactant treatment while spontaneously breathing.
To analyze outcomes among LISA-exposed, highly vulnerable babies born at less than 27 weeks' GA within the large-scale observational cohort of the German Neonatal Network.
In this cohort study of data from 68 tertiary level neonatal intensive care units in Germany of infants born between 22 weeks 0 days to 26 weeks 6 days of gestation between April 1, 2009, and December 31, 2020, short-term outcomes among infants receiving LISA vs infants not receiving LISA were compared.
Use of LISA within the first 72 hours of life.
The main outcomes were rates of LISA use, use of mechanical ventilation within the first 72 hours (considered failure of LISA), and association of LISA with outcomes, including death from all causes, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), death and BPD combined, pneumothorax, retinopathy of prematurity, intracerebral hemorrhage, and periventricular leukomalacia. To address potential confounding factors, multivariate logistic regression models were used.
A total of 6542 infants (3030 46.3% female and 3512 53.7% male; mean SD GA, 25.3 (1.1) weeks; mean SD birth weight, 715 180 g) were analyzed; 2534 infants (38.7%) received LISA, which was most frequently given quasi-prophylactically during delivery room management. Among the infants who received LISA, 1357 (53.6%) did not require mechanical ventilation in the first 72 hours compared with 331 infants (8.3%) of 4008 who did not receive LISA. In a multivariate logistic regression model that adjusted for GA, small-for-GA status, sex, multiple birth, inborn status, antenatal steroid use, and maximum fraction of inspired oxygen in the first 12 hours of life, LISA was associated with reduced risks of all-cause death (odds ratio OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.90; P = .002), BPD (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.62-0.78; P < .001), and BPD or death (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.57-0.72; P < .001) compared with infants without LISA exposure.
The results of this long-term multicenter cohort study suggest that LISA may be associated with reduced risks of adverse outcomes in extremely preterm infants.
Restriction of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) supply to plastids causes lethality of female and male gametophytes in Arabidopsis thaliana defective in both a phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator ...(PPT) of the inner envelope membrane and the plastid-localized enolase (ENO1) involved in glycolytic PEP provision. Homozygous double mutants of cue1 (defective in PPT1) and eno1 could not be obtained, and homozygous cue1 heterozygous eno1 mutants cue1/eno1(+/-) exhibited retarded vegetative growth, disturbed flower development, and up to 80% seed abortion. The phenotypes of diminished oil in seeds, reduced flavonoids and aromatic amino acids in flowers, compromised lignin biosynthesis in stems, and aberrant exine formation in pollen indicate that cue1/eno1(+/-) disrupts multiple pathways. While diminished fatty acid biosynthesis from PEP via plastidial pyruvate kinase appears to affect seed abortion, a restriction in the shikimate pathway affects formation of sporopollonin in the tapetum and lignin in the stem. Vegetative parts of cue1/eno1(+/-) contained increased free amino acids and jasmonic acid but had normal wax biosynthesis. ENO1 overexpression in cue1 rescued the leaf and root phenotypes, restored photosynthetic capacity, and improved seed yield and oil contents. In chloroplasts, ENO1 might be the only enzyme missing for a complete plastidic glycolysis.
Adverse outcomes from breast cancer disproportionately affect women in sub-Saharan Africa, with delay the most studied contribution to advanced stage at presentation. However, tumor molecular biology ...and its contribution to advanced stage are yet to be explored.
Patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer in a South African tertiary breast center completed a questionnaire and file review concerning socioeconomics, delay to care, stage at presentation, and molecular characteristics. Logistic regression was done to determine the relative risk of advanced stage presentation.
Advanced stage was present in 70.1% (n = 162) of the 231 participants, with 55.8% stage III (n = 129) and 32% (n = 72) having a T4 tumor. The median age was 56 y with 21.6% (n = 47) aged <45 y. Most common subtype was luminal B (57.7%, n = 128) followed by luminal A (21.6%, n = 48), triple negative (13.9%, n = 31), and HER2 positive (6.7%, n = 15). Lobular cancer (incidence risk ratio IRR, 1.29; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.03-1.62), high grade and intermediate grade tumors (IRR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.15-3.13 and IRR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.18-3.22, respectively), high Ki67 proliferation index (IRR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.02-1.66), and HER2 overexpression (IRR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.12-1.55) were more likely to present with advanced disease, as were luminal B (HER2+) cancers (adjusted IRR aIRR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.10-1.95). Although on univariate analysis Black and young participants were both more likely to have advanced stage (IRR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.01-1.49 and IRR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.04-1.51, respectively), in multivariate analysis controlling for tumor biology and delay, these were no longer significant (aIRR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.91-1.37 and aIRR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.94-1.48, respectively).
Tumor biology has a compelling role in the etiology of advanced-stage disease irrespective of socioeconomic factors. Accurate pathologic assessment is important in planning breast cancer care in Africa.
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