Key message
Host resistance in WI7120 cucumber to prevailing downy mildew pathogen field populations is conferred by two major-effect, one moderate-effect and two minor-effect QTL.
Downy mildew (DM) ...caused by the obligate oomycete
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
is the most devastating fungal disease of cucumber worldwide. The molecular mechanism of DM resistance in cucumber is poorly understood, and use of marker-assisted breeding for DM resistance is not widely available. Here, we reported QTL mapping results for DM resistance with 243 F
2:3
families from the cross between DM-resistant inbred line WI7120 (PI 330628) and susceptible ‘9930’. A linkage map was developed with 348 SSR and SNP markers. Phenotyping of DM inoculation responses were conducted in four field trails in 2 years at three locations. Four QTL,
dm2.1
,
dm4.1
,
dm5.1
, and
dm6.1
were consistently and reliably detected across at least three of the four environments which together could explain 62–76 % phenotypic variations (
R
2
). Among them,
dm4.1
and
dm5.1
were major-effect QTL (
R
2
= 15–30 %) with only additive effects;
dm2.1
(
R
2
= 5–15 %) and
dm6.1
(
R
2
= 4–8 %) had moderate and minor effects, respectively. Epistatic effects were detected for
dm2.1
and
dm6.1
with both
dm4.1
and
dm5.1
. One additional minor-effect QTL,
dm6.2
(
R
2
= 3–5 %) was only detectable with the chlorosis rating criterion. All alleles contributing to DM resistance were from WI7120. This study revealed two novel QTL for DM resistance and the unique genetic architecture of DM resistance in WI7120 conferring high level resistance to prevailing DM populations in multiple countries. The effects of disease rating scales, rating time and criteria, population size in phenotyping DM resistance on the power of QTL detection, and the use of DM resistance in WI7120 in cucumber breeding were discussed.
STAYGREEN, STAY HEALTHY Wang, Yuhui; Tan, Junyi; Wu, Zhiming ...
New phytologist,
January 2019, Letnik:
221, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The Gy14 cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is resistant to oomyceteous downy mildew (DM), bacterial angular leaf spot (ALS) and fungal anthracnose (AR) pathogens, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are ...unknown.
Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for the disease resistances in Gy14 and further map-based cloning identified a candidate gene for the resistant loci, which was validated and functionally characterized by spatial-temporal gene expression profiling, allelic diversity and phylogenetic analysis, as well as local association studies.
We showed that the triple-disease resistances in Gy14 were controlled by the cucumber STAYGREEN (CsSGR) gene. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the coding region resulted in a nonsynonymous amino acid substitution in the CsSGR protein, and thus disease resistance. Genes in the chlorophyll degradation pathway showed differential expression between resistant and susceptible lines in response to pathogen inoculation. The causal SNP was significantly associated with disease resistances in natural and breeding populations. The resistance allele has undergone selection in cucumber breeding.
The durable, broad-spectrum disease resistance is caused by a loss-of-susceptibility mutation of CsSGR. Probably, this is achieved through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species over-accumulation and phytotoxic catabolite over-buildup in the chlorophyll degradation pathway. The CsSGR-mediated host resistance represents a novel function of this highly conserved gene in plants.
In this article, we study the interactions of stable, hadronising new states, arising in certain extensions of the standard model. A simple model, originally intended for stable gluino hadrons, is ...developed to describe the nuclear interactions of hadrons containing any new colour triplet or octet stable parton. Hadron mass spectra, nuclear scattering cross sections and interaction processes are discussed. Furthermore, an implementation of the interactions of heavy hadrons in GEANT 3 is presented, signatures are studied, and a few remarks about possible detection with the ATLAS experiment are given.
We review the theoretical motivations and experimental status of searches for stable massive particles (SMPs) which could be sufficiently long-lived as to be directly detected at collider ...experiments. The discovery of such particles would address a number of important questions in modern physics including the origin and composition of dark matter in the universe and the unification of the fundamental forces. This review describes the techniques used in SMP-searches at collider experiments and the limits so far obtained on the production of SMPs which possess various colour, electric and magnetic charge quantum numbers. We also describe theoretical scenarios which predict SMPs along with the phenomenology needed to model their production at colliders and interactions with matter. In addition, the interplay between collider searches and open questions in cosmology such as dark matter composition is addressed.
The HSP90 (heat-shock protein 90) inhibitor 17-AAG (17-allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin) increases osteoclast formation both in vitro and in vivo, an action that can enhance cancer invasion and ...growth in the bone microenvironment. The cellular mechanisms through which 17-AAG exerts this action are not understood. Thus we sought to clarify the actions of 17-AAG on osteoclasts and determine whether other HSP90 inhibitors had similar properties. We determined that 17-AAG and the structurally unrelated HSP90 inhibitors CCT018159 and NVP-AUY922 dose-dependently increased RANKL receptor activator of NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) ligand-stimulated osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow and pre-osteoclastic RAW264.7 cell cultures. Moreover, 17-AAG also enhanced RANKL- and TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-elicited osteoclastogenesis, but did not affect RANKL-induced osteoclast survival, suggesting that only differentiation mechanisms are targeted. 17-AAG affected the later stages of progenitor maturation (after 3 days of incubation), whereas the osteoclast formation enhancer TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) acted prior to this, suggesting different mechanisms of action. In studies of RANKL-elicited intracellular signalling, 17-AAG treatment did not increase c-Fos or NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) c1 protein levels nor did 17-AAG increase activity in luciferase-based NF-κB- and NFAT-response assays. In contrast, 17-AAG treatment (and RANKL treatment) increased both MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) protein levels and MITF-dependent vATPase-d2 (V-type proton ATPase subunit d2) gene promoter activity. These results indicate that HSP90 inhibitors enhance osteoclast differentiation in an NFATc1-independent manner that involves elevated MITF levels and activity.
Background and purpose: previous RCT compared short-term results of above-elbow cast (AEC) with early conversion to below-elbow cast (BEC) in children with non-reduced diaphyseal both-bone forearm ...fractures. After 7 months both groups had comparable function. Our primary aim was to investigate whether forearm rotation improves or worsens over time. Secondary aims were loss of flexion and extension of the elbow and wrist, patient-reported outcomes measures, grip strength ratio, and radiographic assessment.Patients and methods: We performed long-term follow-up (FU) of a previous RCT. All patients were invited again for the long-term FU measurements. Primary outcome was limitation of forearm rotation. Secondary outcomes were loss of flexion and extension of the elbow and wrist compared with the contralateral forearm, the ABILHAND-Kids questionnaire and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, grip strength ratio, and radiographic assessment.Results: The mean FU was 7.5 (4.4–9.6) years. Of the initial 47 children, 38 (81%) participated. Rotation improved in both groups over time, with no significant difference in the final forearm rotation: 8° (SD 22) for the AEC group and 8° (SD 15) for the BEC group with a mean difference of 0° (95% confidence interval –13 to 12). Secondary outcomes showed no statistically significant differences. Finally, children < 9 years almost all have full recovery of function.Conclusion: Long-term follow-up showed that loss of forearm rotation after a non-reduced diaphyseal both-bone forearm fracture improved significantly compared with that at 7 months, independent of the initial treatment and children aged < 9 will have almost full recovery of function. This substantiates that the remaining growth behaves like a “friend” at long-term follow-up.
Background and purpose - We have previously shown that children with minimally displaced metaphyseal both-bone forearm fractures, who were treated with a below-elbow cast (BEC) instead of an ...above-elbow cast (AEC), experienced more comfort, less interference in daily activities, and similar functional outcomes at 7 months' follow-up (FU). This study evaluates outcomes at 7 years' follow-up.
Patients and methods - A secondary analysis was performed of the 7 years' follow-up data from our RCT. Primary outcome was loss of forearm rotation compared with the contralateral forearm. Secondary outcomes were patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) consisting of the ABILHAND-kids and the DASH questionnaire, grip strength, radiological assessment, and cosmetic appearance.
Results - The mean length of FU was 7.3 years (5.9-8.7). Of the initial 66 children who were included in the RCT, 51 children were evaluated at long-term FU. Loss of forearm rotation and secondary outcomes were similar in the 2 treatment groups.
Interpretation - We suggest that children with minimally displaced metaphyseal both-bone forearm fractures should be treated with a below-elbow cast.
Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCɛ) activation in the liver is proposed to inhibit insulin action through phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. Here, however, we demonstrated that global, but not ...liver-specific, deletion of PKCɛ in mice protected against diet-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Furthermore, PKCɛ-dependent alterations in insulin receptor phosphorylation were not detected. Adipose-tissue-specific knockout mice did exhibit improved glucose tolerance, but phosphoproteomics revealed no PKCɛ-dependent effect on the activation of insulin signaling pathways. Altered phosphorylation of adipocyte proteins associated with cell junctions and endosomes was associated with changes in hepatic expression of several genes linked to glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. The primary effect of PKCɛ on glucose homeostasis is, therefore, not exerted directly in the liver as currently posited, and PKCɛ activation in this tissue should be interpreted with caution. However, PKCɛ activity in adipose tissue modulates glucose tolerance and is involved in crosstalk with the liver.
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•PKCɛ in liver does not mediate fat-diet-induced insulin resistance•Adipose-tissue-specific PKCɛ deletion improves diet-induced glucose intolerance•PKCɛ deletion does not affect the phosphorylation of insulin signaling components•PKCɛ in adipose tissue affects liver gene transcription and lipid metabolism
Using tissue-specific deletions of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCɛ) in fat-fed mice, Brandon et al. show that PKCɛ does not act directly in the liver to cause insulin resistance but instead acts in the adipose tissue to protect against glucose intolerance through an insulin signaling-independent mechanism.
The aim of this study was to determine long-term survival and clinical outcomes of the surface replacement trapeziometacarpal joint prosthesis (SR™TMC) and to evaluate implant migration using ...radiostereometric analysis (RSA).
In this clinical long-term follow-up study outcomes of ten patients who received the SR™TMC joint prosthesis were evaluated using DASH and Nelson scores, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of pain, and key pinch strength. RSA-radiographs were obtained direct postoperatively and 6 months, 1, 5 and 10 years postoperatively and were analyzed using model-based RSA software.
During follow-up, two early revisions took place. Mean pre-operative DASH and Nelson scores were 54 (SD 15) and 54 (SD 17), improved significantly after 6 months (DASH 25 (SD 20), Nelson 75 (SD 18)) and remained excellent during long-term follow-up in all patients with a stable implant. At final follow-up, clinical scores deteriorated clearly in two patients with a loose implant in situ.
Long-term survival of the SR™TMC joint prosthesis is relatively poor. However, clinical outcomes improved significantly in the short-term and remained excellent in the long-term in those patients with a stable implant, but deteriorated clearly in case of loosening. The role of RSA in TMC joint arthroplasty is potentially valuable but needs to be further investigated. Several challenges of RSA in the TMC joint have been addressed by the authors and suggestions to optimize RSA-data are given.
This study was registered in the Netherlands Trial Register ( NL7126 ).
Background and purpose - Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) is an accurate method for measurement of early migration of implants. Since a relation has been shown between early migration and future ...loosening of total knee and hip prostheses, RSA plays an important role in the development and evaluation of prostheses. However, there have been few RSA studies of the upper limb, and the value of RSA of the upper limb is not yet clear. We therefore performed a systematic review to investigate the accuracy and precision of RSA of the upper limb.
Patients and methods - PRISMA guidelines were followed and the protocol for this review was published online at PROSPERO under registration number CRD42016042014. A systematic search of the literature was performed in the databases Embase, Medline, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus, Cinahl, and Google Scholar on April 25, 2015 based on the keywords radiostereometric analysis, shoulder prosthesis, elbow prosthesis, wrist prosthesis, trapeziometacarpal joint prosthesis, humerus, ulna, radius, carpus. Articles concerning RSA for the analysis of early migration of prostheses of the upper limb were included. Quality assessment was performed using the MINORS score, Downs and Black checklist, and the ISO RSA
Results - 23 studies were included. Precision values were in the 0.06-0.88 mm and 0.05-10.7° range for the shoulder, the 0.05-0.34 mm and 0.16-0.76° range for the elbow, and the 0.16-1.83 mm and 11-124° range for the TMC joint. Accuracy data from marker- and model-based RSA were not reported in the studies included.
Interpretation - RSA is a highly precise method for measurement of early migration of orthopedic implants in the upper limb. However, the precision of rotation measurement is poor in some components. Challenges with RSA in the upper limb include the symmetrical shape of prostheses and the limited size of surrounding bone, leading to over-projection of the markers by the prosthesis. We recommend higher adherence to RSA guidelines and encourage investigators to publish long-term follow-up RSA studies.
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