Although transradial access (TRA) for coronary procedures has many advantages over the transfemoral approach, it's still not the dominant route used in coronary interventions. Radial artery spasm ...(RAS) is an important limitation of TRA. We performed a search of published literature to estimate the prevalence and possible risk factors of RAS in patients undergoing transradial coronary procedure. Nineteen published papers including 7197 patients were identified as relevant; reported incidence of RAS was 14.7% altogether. It varies depending upon the criteria used, on applied premedications, and on sheath or catheter selection. Use of hydrophilic coated sheaths and catheters can reduce the incidence of RAS to 1%, while intra-arterial application of verapamil (1.25-5 mg) and nitroglycerin (100-200 μg) can reduce the incidence of RAS up to 3.8%. We concluded that RAS is still problematic in transradial access, and that besides hydrophilic materials, the use of intra-arterial vasodilators remains mandatory in RAS prevention. However, the optimal spasmolytic cocktail is yet to be confirmed by valid spasm criteria.
Risk stratification of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) is an important clinical method, but long-term studies on patients subjected to all-treatment strategies are ...lacking. Therefore, the aim was to compare several established risk scores in the all-treatment NSTE-ACS cohort during long-term follow-up.
Consecutive patients (n = 276) with NSTE-ACS undergoing coronary angiography were recruited between September 2012 and May 2015. Six risk scores for all patients were calculated, namely GRACE 2.0, ACEF, SYNTAX, Clinical SYNTAX, SYNTAX II PCI and SYNTAX II CABG. The primary end-point was Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) which was a composite of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke or urgent coronary revascularization.
During a median follow-up of 33 months, 64 MACE outcomes were recorded (23.2%). There was no difference between risk score categories, except in the highest risk group of ACEF and SYNTAX II PCI scores which exhibited significantly more MACE (51.6%, N = 33 and 45.3%, N = 29, P = 0.024, respectively). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis of individual variables, only age and atrial fibrillation were significant predictors for MACE (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.05, P = 0.023 and HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.04-3.89, P = 0.037, respectively). Furthermore, multivariate analysis of the risk scores showed significant prediction of MACE only with ACEF score (HR 2.16, 95% CI 1.36-3.44, P = 0.001). The overall performance of GRACE, SYNTAX, Clinical SYNTAX and SYNTAX II CABG was poor with AUC values of 0.596, 0.507, 0.530 and 0.582, respectively, while ACEF and SYNTAX II PCI showed the best absolute AUC values for MACE (0.630 and 0.626, respectively).
ACEF risk score showed better discrimination than other risk scores in NSTE-ACS patients undergoing all-treatment strategies over long-term follow-up and it could represent a fast and user-friendly tool to stratify NSTE-ACS patients.
This study presents a case of a successful severed femoral sheath recapture during transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). During skin tunneling with a scalpel, the discontinuity ...of the femoral sheath occurred. Grasping of the distal sheath with the surgical hemostat was attempted unsuccessfully. A proximal part of the severed sheath was removed and Medtronic Sentrant introducer sheath (14 French) was then placed over the existing Confida wire which permanently remained in position, followed by the introduction of the Amplatz Left 2 (AL2) catheter which pushed the severed sheath in the ascending aorta over the Confida wire. The crucial maneuver was the entanglement of the severed sheath in the aortic non-coronary cusp which allowed for its entrapment by the AL2 catheter. This allowed for the coronary guidewire BMW Universal (0.014″) placement and a slow balloon retrieval (SeQuent NEO 2.5 × 25 mm2) of the severed sheath into the introducer sheath. The guidewire/balloon catheter was then exchanged for the support wire (0.035″) followed by the removal of the introducer sheath, AL2 catheter and the severed sheath. In conclusion, sheath severing is a complex accidental event during TAVR, which can be solved by intra-aortic recapture and retraction.
To describe the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic pattern in Croatia during February-September 2020 and compare the case fatality ratio (CFR) between spring and summer.
National data were used to calculate the ...weekly and monthly CFRs, stratified by three age groups: 0-64, 65-79, and 80+ years. We also calculated the standardized mortality ratios (SMR) to offset the differences in age composition.
The epidemic consisted of the initial wave, a trough in June, and two conjoined summer waves, yielding 17206 coronavirus disease 2019 cases and 290 deaths. While the number of confirmed cases nearly quadrupled during summer, case fatality estimates decreased; CFR in spring was 4.81 (95% confidence interval 3.91-5.71), compared with 1.24 (1.06-1.42) in summer. The SMR for summer was 0.45 (0.37-0.55), suggesting that the case fatality risk halved compared with spring. Cardiovascular comorbidity was an important risk factor for case fatality (SMR 2.63 2.20-3.13 during spring and 1.28 1.02-1.59 during summer). The risk of death in ventilated patients remained unchanged (SMR 0.98 0.77-1.24).
The epidemic dynamics suggests summer decline in case fatality, except in ventilated patients. While the effect of comorbidity also decreased, cardiovascular comorbidity remained an important risk factor for death even during summer. A plethora of possible confounders and an ever-changing landscape of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Croatia require constant monitoring and evaluation, with an aim to prevent the uncontrolled spread of the virus and a disruption of health care functioning.
Previous heterogenous studies show conflicting data about sex-based outcomes of non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) patients. This study evaluated 300 NSTE-ACS patients undergoing a ...coronary angiography between September 2012 and May 2015 that were managed with all-treatment strategies. The sample was stratified by sex and analyzed for the baseline characteristics and outcomes. The main outcome included major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), which were a composite of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke or urgent coronary revascularization. The female patients were older (median of 69.0 vs. 63.0 years, p = 0.008) and had lower values of BMI (median of 26.3 vs. 28.2 kg/m2, p < 0.001) and eGFR (76.44 ± 22.43 vs. 94.04 ± 27.91 mL/min, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the treatment strategies, angiographic characteristics and discharge therapy between the groups (p > 0.05). The female patients had significantly higher unadjusted rates of ischemic stroke (4.2% vs. 0.5%, p = 0.023), cardiac mortality (11.3%, vs. 3.9%, p = 0.022) and MACCE (33.8%, vs. 19.5%, p = 0.014); female sex was a significant predictor of MACCE in the univariate analysis (HR 1.86, 95%CI 1.12–3.09, p = 0.014); and the cumulative incidence of MACCE was higher in female patients (p = 0.014). After the adjustment, the predictive effect of female sex became non-significant (HR 1.60, 95%CI 0.94–2.73, p = 0.083), while there was no difference in the cumulative incidence of MACCE among the propensity score matched cohort (p = 0.177). Female NSTE-ACS patients have worse long-term outcomes compared to their male counterparts. However, the differences disappear after adjustment and propensity score matching. Continuing efforts and health measures are required to alleviate any sex-based differences in the NSTE-ACS population.
Smjernice međunarodnih stručnih društava ukazuju da je povišena koncentracija lipoproteina(a)
Lp(a) u krvi dugoročni neovisni čimbenik rizika za razvitak aterosklerotske kardiovaskularne bolesti ...(ASKVB), kao i za kalcifikacijsku stenozu aortnih zalistaka. Cilj je ovog članka koji je rezultat konsenzusa nacionalnih stručnjaka iz tog područja predstaviti najnovije spoznaje o dijagnostici i sadašnjim mogućnostima liječenja bolesnika s povišenom koncentracijom Lp(a) u krvi koje su u ovom trenutku skromne, ali i naznačiti buduće mogućnosti liječenja koje su na pomolu. Zaključak koji se može postaviti na temelju dosadašnjih spoznaja upućuje da postoji neposredna korist za bolesnike u mjerenju koncentracije Lp(a), čak i ako potpuno učinkovito farmakološko liječenje još nije dostupno. Mjerenje Lp(a) olakšava bržu i pouzdaniju identifikaciju bolesnika s visokim kardiovaskularnim rizikom i bolje upravljanje tim rizikom, odnosno upućuje na potrebu intenzivnijeg smanjivanja i liječenja ostalih čimbenika rizika za ASKVB ako je Lp(a) značajnije povećan. Izražavanje koncentracije Lp(a) preporučuje se u nmol/L izmjerene metodama kalibriranim kalibratorima čija je koncentracija izražena u nmol/L.
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