We present the results of the first Dalitz plot analysis of the decay D0 → K−π+η. The analysis is performed on a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 953 fb−1 collected by the ...Belle detector at the asymmetric-energy e+e− KEKB collider. The Dalitz plot is well described by a combination of the six resonant decay channels K* ( 892 )0η, K−a0 ( 980 )+, K−a2 ( 1320 )+, K* ( 1410 )0η, K* ( 1680 )−π+ and K2* ( 1980 )−π+, together with Kπ and Kη S-wave components. The decays K* ( 1680 )− → K−η and K2* ( 1980 )− → K−η are observed for the first time. We measure ratio of the branching fractions, ... (B PDG). Using the Dalitz fit result, the ratio ... is measured to be ...; this is much lower than the theoretical expectations ( ≈ 1 ) made under the assumption that K*( 1680 ) is a pure 13D1 state. The product branching fraction ... is determined. In addition, the π η ′ contribution to the a0( 980 )± resonance shape is confirmed with 10.1 σ statistical significance using the three-channel Flatté model. We also measure ... . This is consistent with, and more precise than, the current world average ( 1.02 ± 0.30 ) % , deviates with a significance of more than 3 σ from the theoretical predictions of (0.51–0.92)%. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omited.).
Best management practices (BMPs) are conservation efforts implemented to address environmental challenges associated with agricultural production. One such BMP, a tailwater recovery (TWR) system, has ...a dual purpose aimed at mitigating solids and nutrient losses from agricultural landscapes and creating an additional surface water source for irrigation. This study analyzes the costs of using five TWR systems to reduce solids, nutrients, and retain water. All systems were located in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley and were used to irrigate crops including rice (Oryza sativa), corn (Zea mays), and soybeans (Glycine max). Costs to reduce solids and nutrients were calculated using annual payments and revenue losses due to lost tillable area from implementation of TWR systems. Similarly, cost to save and irrigate a mega-liter (ML) of water was determined as the annual payment for TWR systems, revenue losses and measured pumping cost. The range of mean total cost to reduce solids using TWR systems was $0 to $0.77 per kg; P was $0.61 to $3315.72 per kg; and N was $0.13 to $396.44 per kg. The range of mean total cost to retain water using TWR systems was $189.73 to $628.23 per ML, compared to a range of mean cost of groundwater of $13.99 to $36.17 per ML. Compared to other BMPs, TWR systems are one of the least expensive ways to reduce solid losses but remain an expensive way to reduce nutrient losses. The costs of using TWR systems to provide an additional irrigation water source range from less expensive than common conservation practices used to improve water use efficiency to more expensive and comparable to practices such as desalination. Therefore, TWR systems may be a prohibitively more expensive BMP to retain nutrients and water on some agricultural landscapes than other solutions.
•Tailwater Recovery (TWR) systems are one of the least expensive practices to mitigate solid losses.•Tailwater Recovery systems are one of the most expensive practices to mitigate phosphorus and nitrogen losses.•Cost to reduce solids using TWR systems was $0–0.77 per kg; P was $0.61–3,316 per kg; and N was $0.13–396 per kg.•The cost to retain water using TWR systems was $190–628 per ML, compared to a cost of groundwater of $14–36 per ML.
We report measurements of isospin asymmetry Δ0− and difference of direct CP asymmetries ΔACP between charged and neutral B→Xsγ decays. This analysis is based on the data sample containing 772×106BB¯ ...pairs that was collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB energy-asymmetric e+e− collider. Using a sum-of-exclusive technique with invariant Xs mass up to 2.8 GeV/c2, we obtain Δ0−=−0.48±1.49(stat)±0.97(syst)±1.15(f+−/f00)% and ΔACP=+3.69±2.65(stat)±0.76(syst)%, where the last uncertainty for Δ0− is due to the uncertainty on the production ratio of B+B− to B0B¯0 in (4S) decays. The measured value of Δ0− is consistent with zero, allowing us to constrain the resolved photon contribution in the B→Xsγ, and improve the branching fraction prediction. The result for ΔACP is consistent with the prediction of the SM. We also measure the direct CP asymmetries for charged and neutral B→Xsγ decays. All the measurements are the most precise to date.
This work reports the first observation of azimuthal asymmetries around the thrust axis in e+e− annihilation of pairs of back-to-back charged pions in one hemisphere, and π0 and η mesons in the ...opposite hemisphere. These results are complemented by a new analysis of pairs of back-to-back charged pions. The π0 and η asymmetries rise with the relative momentum z of the detected hadrons as well as with the transverse momentum with respect to the thrust axis. These asymmetries are sensitive to the Collins fragmentation function H1⊥ and provide complementary information to previous measurements with charged pions and kaons in the final state. In particular, the η final states will provide additional information on the flavor structure of H1⊥. This is the first measurement of the explicit transverse-momentum dependence of the Collins fragmentation function from Belle data. It uses a dataset of 980.4 fb−1 collected by the Belle experiment at or near a center-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV.
Introduction: Research on the deposition of mainstream smoke particulate in the respiratory tract of smokers is needed to understand how exposure may vary based on cigarette menthol content.
Methods: ...We conducted a nine-participant crossover study in which smokers were randomly assigned to cigarettes differing primarily in menthol content. Participants smoked the test cigarettes ad libitum for one week, provided spot urine samples, and then smoked four test cigarettes in a laboratory session; this was repeated for the other test cigarette in week two. Fine and ultrafine particulate matter in exhaled breath were characterized, and smoking behavior was monitored. Participant-specific mainstream smoke, generated using each participant's topography data, was characterized. During home smoking, participants collected their spent test cigarette butts for estimates of mouth-level exposures (MLE) to mainstream nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK).
Results: Participant-specific mainstream smoke NNK was higher (39%) and daily MLE to NNK was also higher (52%) when participants smoked the menthol cigarette. Nicotine was not significantly different. Participants retained more ultrafine particulate (43%) and fine particulate benzo(a)pyrene (43%) when smoking the menthol cigarette. There were no significant differences in the levels of urinary biomarkers for nicotine, NNK, or pyrene.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates the use of noninvasive real-time techniques to measure exposure differences between cigarettes differing primarily in menthol content. Differences between NNK exposure, ultrafine particle and benzo(a)pyrene deposition, and smoking behavior were observed. Additional research using these techniques with cigarettes that differ only in menthol content is required to unequivocally attribute the exposure differences to presence or absence of menthol.
This book provides an introduction to the study of meaning in human language, from a linguistic perspective. It covers a fairly broad range of topics, including lexical semantics, compositional ...semantics, and pragmatics. The chapters are organized into six units: (1) Foundational concepts; (2) Word meanings; (3) Implicature (including indirect speech acts); (4) Compositional semantics; (5) Modals, conditionals, and causation; (6) Tense & aspect. Most of the chapters include exercises which can be used for class discussion and/or homework assignments, and each chapter contains references for additional reading on the topics covered. As the title indicates, this book is truly an INTRODUCTION: it provides a solid foundation which will prepare students to take more advanced and specialized courses in semantics and/or pragmatics.
We study $B^{+}\to \pi^{+}\pi^{0}\pi^{0}$ using 711 $\rm{fb}^{-1}$ of data collected at the $\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy $e^{+}e^{-}$ collider. We ...measure an inclusive branching fraction of $(19.0\pm 1.5\pm 1.4)\times 10^{-6}$ and an inclusive \textit{CP} asymmetry of $(9.2 \pm 6.8 \pm 0.7)\%$, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic; and a $B^{+}\to \rho(770)^{+}\pi^{0}$ branching fraction of $(11.2\pm 1.1\pm 0.9 ^{+0.8}_{-1.6})\times 10^{-6}$, where the third uncertainty is due to possible interference with $B^{+}\to \rho(1450)^{+}\pi^{0}$. We present the first observation of a structure around 1 GeV/$c^{2}$ in the $\pi^{0}\pi^{0}$ mass spectrum, with a significance of 6.4$\sigma$, and measure a branching fraction to be $(6.9\pm 0.9\pm 0.6)\times 10^{-6}$. We also report a measurement of local \textit{CP} asymmetry in this structure.
Germanium orthogonal strip detectors have been produced using amorphous-semiconductor contacts. The amorphous-semiconductor contact fabrication process is relatively simple, and it is capable of ...producing fine-pitched electrode structures. The bipolar blocking behavior of the amorphous-semiconductor contact permits its use on both sides of a detector, replacing conventional B ion implanted and Li diffused contacts. A 5/spl times/5 orthogonal strip detector has been produced using this technique. Experimental results from this detector are presented.
► We culture 300–3×106 Rag2−/− DO11.10 CD4+ T cells with APC and peptide antigen. ► The overall level of T cell activation decreases with increasing T cell frequency. ► This decrease is not due to ...any observed differences at the APC level. ► This decrease is likely due to increased intraclonal competition.
The majority of in vitro studies investigating the activation of naïve TCR transgenic T cells routinely employ an artificially high frequency of such cells. To assess whether employing high frequencies of TCR transgenic cells in vitro accurately reflects the in vivo activation of a normal number of T cells, we cultured between 300 and 3×106 Rag2−/− DO11.10 T cells per well under otherwise identical conditions. We find that those T cells cultured at low frequencies proliferate more and are more potently activated, as assessed by the expression of CD44 and CD62L, each giving rise to a much larger number of cytokine producing cells, comparable to the number generated in vivo when a normal number of CD4+ T cells are activated. The effect of T cell frequency on the level of their activation was not due to differences in MHCII or CD80/86 expression by B cells, the major APC population present, nor to increased death of B cells in high frequency cultures. Taken together, our observations illustrate the necessity of culturing naïve TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells at a physiological frequency if one is to more accurately recapitulate the in vivo activation of naïve CD4+ T cells.
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