Industry 4.0, cyber-physical production systems (CPPS) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are current focusses in automation and data exchange in manufacturing, arising from the rapid increase in ...capabilities in information and communication technologies and the ubiquitous internet. A key enabler for the advances promised by CPPSs is the concept of a
digital twin
, which is the virtual representation of a real-world entity, or the
physical twin
. An important step towards the success of Industry 4.0 is the establishment of practical reference architectures. This paper presents an architecture for such a digital twin, which enables the exchange of data and information between a remote emulation or simulation and the physical twin. The architecture comprises different layers, including a local data layer, an IoT Gateway layer, cloud-based databases and a layer containing emulations and simulations. The architecture can be implemented in new and legacy production facilities, with a minimal disruption of current installations. This architecture provides a service-based and real-time enabled infrastructure for vertical and horizontal integration. To evaluate the architecture, it was implemented for a small, but typical, physical manufacturing system component.
Decadal and bi-decadal climate responses to tropical strong volcanic eruptions (SVEs) are inspected in an ensemble simulation covering the last millennium based on the Max Planck Institute—Earth ...system model. An unprecedentedly large collection of pre-industrial SVEs (up to 45) producing a peak annual-average top-of-atmosphere radiative perturbation larger than −1.5 Wm
−2
is investigated by composite analysis. Post-eruption oceanic and atmospheric anomalies coherently describe a fluctuation in the coupled ocean–atmosphere system with an average length of 20–25 years. The study provides a new physically consistent theoretical framework to interpret decadal Northern Hemisphere (NH) regional winter climates variability during the last millennium. The fluctuation particularly involves interactions between the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the North Atlantic gyre circulation closely linked to the state of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation. It is characterized by major distinctive details. Among them, the most prominent are: (a) a strong signal amplification in the Arctic region which allows for a sustained strengthened teleconnection between the North Pacific and the North Atlantic during the first post-eruption decade and which entails important implications from oceanic heat transport and from post-eruption sea ice dynamics, and (b) an anomalous surface winter warming emerging over the Scandinavian/Western Russian region around 10–12 years after a major eruption. The simulated long-term climate response to SVEs depends, to some extent, on background conditions. Consequently, ensemble simulations spanning different phases of background multidecadal and longer climate variability are necessary to constrain the range of possible post-eruption decadal evolution of NH regional winter climates.
While Industry 4.0 research has predominantly focussed on the connection of machines and digital systems and solutions, it is important to consider the role of human workers within the envisaged ...Industry 4.0 environments. This paper presents the concept of a digital administration shell to support the integration of humans in Industry 4.0 environments and an architecture for the development of such an administration shell. The Biography-Attributes-Schedule-Execution (BASE) architecture builds on holonic systems principles and is guided by the requirements and responsibilities of the Resource Holon, as developed in the Holonic Manufacturing Systems paradigm. The functionality and value of the BASE architecture administration shell is demonstrated by means of a case study implementation.
At present, anthropogenic halogens and oceanic emissions of very short-lived substances (VSLSs) both contribute to the observed stratospheric ozone depletion. Emissions of the long-lived ...anthropogenic halogens have been reduced and are currently declining, whereas emissions of the biogenic VSLSs are expected to increase in future climate due to anthropogenic activities affecting oceanic production and emissions. Here, we introduce a new approach for assessing the impact of oceanic halocarbons on stratospheric ozone by calculating their ozone depletion potential (ODP)-weighted emissions. Seasonally and spatially dependent, global distributions are derived within a case-study framework for CHBr3 for the period 1999–2006. At present, ODP-weighted emissions of CHBr3 amount up to 50 % of ODP-weighted anthropogenic emissions of CFC-11 and to 9 % of all long-lived ozone depleting halogens. The ODP-weighted emissions are large where strong oceanic emissions coincide with high-reaching convective activity and show pronounced peaks at the Equator and the coasts with largest contributions from the Maritime Continent and western Pacific Ocean. Variations of tropical convective activity lead to seasonal shifts in the spatial distribution of the trajectory-derived ODP with the updraught mass flux, used as a proxy for trajectory-derived ODP, explaining 71 % of the variance of the ODP distribution. Future climate projections based on the RCP 8.5 scenario suggest a 31 % increase of the ODP-weighted CHBr3 emissions by 2100 compared to present values. This increase is related to a larger convective updraught mass flux in the upper troposphere and increasing emissions in a future climate. However, at the same time, it is reduced by less effective bromine-related ozone depletion due to declining stratospheric chlorine concentrations. The comparison of the ODP-weighted emissions of short- and long-lived halocarbons provides a new concept for assessing the overall impact of oceanic halocarbon emissions on stratospheric ozone depletion for current conditions and future projections.
Digitalisation of systems and processes in the maritime industry are spurring Maritime 4.0, a digital transformation promising enormous gains, including improved design processes and reduced ...operational costs. Gleaning inter-disciplinary proficiency from Operator 4.0 in manufacturing, the present work seeks to introduce the Mariner 4.0 – a seafaring passenger or crew member with technologically augmented skills. This research aims to realise Mariner 4.0 through a human digital twin solution – a virtual representation of the state and behaviour of a unique individual over time – for seafarers on South Africa’s polar research and supply vessel, the SA Agulhas II. This paper presents human-related challenges identified within seafaring vessels, the expected value of human digital twin solutions for the maritime industry, the development of a human digital twin solution to integrate seafarers into a Maritime 4.0 environment (i.e. the development of Mariner 4.0), and an illustrative use case focussing on human comfort monitoring and management.
Objectives
The aim was to investigate the effect of physical activity on periodontal health and HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) over a period of 6 months.
Materials and ...methods
Thirty-seven patients with non-insulin-dependent T2DM were included in the study. The intervention group (
n
=20) performed physical activity over a period of 6 months. The control group (
n
=17) did not receive any intervention. Baseline and final examinations included dental parameters and concentrations of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP).
Results
Physical activity showed a positive effect on periodontal health. Both the BOP (
p
= 0.005) and the severity of periodontitis (
p
= 0.001) were significantly reduced in the intervention group compared to the control group. Furthermore, HbA1c levels were reduced (
p
= 0.010) significantly in the intervention group while hsCRP levels significantly increased in the control group (
p
= 0.04).
Conclusions
Within the limitations of this randomized, controlled trial, physical activity over a period of 6 months is a health-promoting measure for patients with T2DM and improves both periodontal health and HbA1c concentrations.
Citrus greening or huanglongbing (HLB) is the main threat to the European citrus industry since one of its vectors, the African citrus psyllid, Trioza erytreae, has recently become established in ...mainland Europe. In this context, classical biological control programmes should be implemented to reduce the spread of the psyllid. The aims of this study were to: i) disentangle the parasitoid complex of T. erytreae combining morphological and molecular characterization; and ii) to study the biology of its main parasitoids in its area of origin in South Africa for their future importation into Europe. The main citrus producing areas of South Africa were surveyed during 2017. In contrast to previous studies, the parasitoid complex of T. erytreae included three species of primary parasitoids: Tamarixia dryi, Psyllaephagus pulvinatus and another parasitoid of the genus Tamarixia. Molecular analysis showed that it is a new species closely related to T. dryi. Tamarixia dryi was the most abundant parasitoid but its relative abundance varied among sampling sites. The sex ratio (males/females) of T. dryi and Tamarixia sp. decreased with T. erytreae size and became female biased when psyllid nymphs were larger than 0.6 and 1.2 mm
, respectively. These parasitoids were attacked by three species of hyperparasitoids, Aphidencyrtus cassatus, Marietta javensis and a species of the genus Aphanogmus. Aphidencyrtus cassatus, the most abundant hyperparasitoid, tended to emerge from large nymphs, and adult females lived as long as those of T. dryi. The implications of these results are discussed within the framework of the introduction of T. dryi into Europe.
A soft ferromagnetic Fe–Co–Hf–N film was produced by reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering, in order to study its high-frequency behaviour by means of frequency domain permeability measurements up to ...the GHz range. It resulted in the composition Fe33Co43Hf10N14 and exhibits a saturation polarisation Js of around 1.35T. The film is consequently considered as being uniformly magnetised due to an in-plane uniaxial anisotropy of approximately μ0.Hu≈4.5mT after annealing it at 400°C in a static magnetic field for 1h. While heating the film from room temperature to 300°C during the high-frequency measurement procedure a marked ferromagnetic resonance peak shift (maximum of the imaginary part of the frequency-dependent permeability) from 2.35GHz down to 1.84GHz is conspicuous. This is in a very good agreement with the theory established by taking the “real” ferromagnetic resonance formula for ferromagnetic films into account. Simultaneously, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) ΔfFMR of the resonance line, which is a consequence of precession damping of the magnetic moments, clearly increases. This behaviour does not correlate with the ferromagnetic resonance value decrease, and is qualitatively discussed in terms of exchange interaction with the intrinsic spin–lattice relaxation process due to not totally supressed orbital momenta (〈L〉≠0) of Fe2+ and Co2+ or the occupation change of their spectral levels within the induced uniaxial anisotropy field.
•Heatable strip-line permeameter up to 300°C.•Theoretical description of the temperature dependence of FMR.•Measurement of the temperature-dependent permeability spectra.•Determination of the temperature-dependent resonance line broadening.
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is transmitted from grapevine to grapevine through grafting infected material, as well as mealybug and soft scale insect vectors. We determined the ...transmission efficiency of GLRaV-3 by two mealybug vectors, Planococcus ficus and Pseudococcus longispinus, by examining the relationship between the number of nymphs per plant, using groups of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 first- to second-instar nymphs, and the infection rate of healthy grapevine plants. Plants and single nymphs were tested for GLRaV-3 with nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nested RT-PCR). The results of this study showed the infection rate of P. ficus and P. longispinus nymphs with GLRaV-3 after acquisition access and inoculation access periods of 5 days each to be similar between intra- and interspecific groups, ranging from 5% to 19%, except for the '40-nymph group' of P. longispinus, which had a higher number of infected nymphs (63%). The number of nymphs used per group did not influence the infection rate of plants, which ranged from 11% to 80% and 20% to 70% for P. ficus and P. longispinus, respectively. Transmission of GLRaV-3 with single P. ficus and P. longispinus nymphs resulted in 70% GLRaV-3 positive plants in both cases. This study has shown both species to be equally efficient as vectors of GLRaV-3. We have further shown for the first time that a single individual of either P. ficus or P. longispinus is capable of transmitting GLRaV-3 and infecting a healthy grapevine plant. The results of the study highlight the importance of implementing vector control measures.
Soft ferromagnetic Fe-Co-Hf-N films, produced by reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering, are useful to study the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) by means of frequency domain permeability measurements up to ...the GHz range. Films with the composition Fe(33)Co(43)Hf(10)N(14) exhibit a saturation polarisation J(s) of around 1.35 T. They are consequently considered as being uniformly magnetised due to an in-plane uniaxial anisotropy of approximately ( mu o)H( mu )=4.5 m T after annealing them, e.g., at 400 degree C in a static magnetic field for 1 h. Being exposed to a high-frequency field, the precession of magnetic moments leads to a marked frequency-dependent permeability with a sharp Lorentzian shaped imaginary part at around 2.33 GHz (natural resonance peak), which is in a very good agreement with the modified Landau-Lifschitz-Gilbert (LLC) differential equation. A slightly increased FMR frequency and a clear increase in the resonance line broadening due to an increase of the exciting high-frequency power (1-25.1 mW), considered as an additional perturbation of the precessing system of magnetic moments, could be discovered. By solving the homogenous LLC differential equation with respect to the in-plane uniaxial anisotropy, it was revealed that the high-frequency field perturbation impacts the resonance peak position /fmr and resonance line broadening phi f(FMR) characterised by a completed damping parameter alpha = alpha (eff)+ phi a. Adapted from this result, the increase in f(FMR) and decrease in lifetime of the excited level of magnetic moments associated with A/fmr, similar to a spin-V(2) particle in a static magnetic field, was theoretically elaborated as well as compared with experimental data.
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