Abstract The earliest serious investigation into prostitution in Croatia was a survey conducted in 1907 by the physician Fran Gundrum. His study was an attempt at a comprehensive exploration of ...prostitution, which tried to reconstruct demographic, anthropologic, and sociologic features of prostitutes. I present an analysis of his study and argue that Gundrum consistently found himself vacillating between blaming society and charging the nature of women to explain the existence of prostitution. This ambivalence was a result of embracing both the power of Enlightenment, which believed that human morality could be improved by the process of learning, and the notion of hereditary degeneration, which regarded human improvement by reeducation as futile. Heavily influenced by his Catholic upbringing and political conservatism, Gundrum married the “scientific” notion of innate prostitution with a pervasive view of women as flirtatious and materialistic. His survey reveals the typical personality of the period, a scientific enthusiast advocating the medical control of the population and the use of statistics in realizing that goal. It was, essentially, an attempt to construct and verify widespread attitudes toward public health as a method of monitoring venereal diseases and social control in general.
SAŽETAK
Rad donosi analizu okolnosti pojave prvih eugeničkih rasprava na području Hrvatske od kraja devetnaestog stoljeća do 1918. godine. Na temelju uvida u radove objavljene u Liječničkom vjesniku ...pokazalo se da se eugenička razmatranja najčešće pojavljuju u liječničkim raspravama o tzv. socijalnim bolestima (tuberkuloza, sifilis, alkoholizam), a u kontekstu tada aktualnih javnozdravstvenih politika. Hrvatski su liječnici, slijedeći Lamarckovu pretpostavku o nasljeđivanju stečenih svojstava, vjerovali da se poboljšanjem socijalno-higijenskih uvjeta i edukacijom, ali i prisilnim mjerama poput zabrane braka može utjecati na zdravlje nasljednog materijala te time spriječiti degeneracija naroda. Njihova su polazišta individualnog karaktera i nisu dovela do utemeljenja eugeničkih društava ili razrađenih eugeničkih programa, no utjecala su na ranu institucionalizaciju hrvatske medicine. Eugeničke koncepcije koje inzistiraju na nacionalnom prosperitetu putem biološkog osnaženja nadovezivale su se na južnoslavenski politički projekt te retorički, simbolički i ideološki oponirale Habsburškoj monarhiji.
Božidar Špišić was a pioneer of Croatian orthopedics. In 1908 he founded the first private orthopedic clinic in the entire South Slav region. During the First World War he organized and headed the ...first orthopedic hospital for the rehabilitation and resocialization of wounded soldiers. In the interwar period, Špišić was tasked with establishing the orthopedic clinic within the auspices of the School of Medicine, University of Zagreb. This effort in shaping and developing orthopedics in Croatia would not have been possible without his participation in a wide network of internationally renowned orthopedists. After graduating from the University of Graz in 1904, Špišić spent the next 4 years specializing in orthopedics with Hans Spitzy, Arnold Wittek, Fritz Lange and, most importantly, Adolf Lorenz. In this paper, we have reconstructed the transfer of knowledge and experiences between these prominent Austrian and German orthopedists and Božidar Špišić. We have paid special attention to the identification of those elements in Špišić's work that can be traced back to his mentor, teacher and lifelong colleague Adolf Lorenz, such as his treatment for congenital hip dislocation. We believe that the analysis of professional networks can shed additional light on the historiography of orthopedics, given that these influences did not manifest solely through the acquisition of specialized clinical knowledge but also through a profound influence on the core tenets of orthopedics as a discipline-its institutional organization and overall conservative approach.
Summary
Croatia is a Central European and Mediterranean country with a long maritime border with Italy. Throughout history, it was not only goods but also knowledge and medical practices that were ...exchanged over its borders. Following archival sources, individual informal networks, professional publications, daily newspapers, and public lectures, we aimed to present main channels by which Croatian intellectuals embraced Lombroso’s criminal anthropology at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. We illuminated the fact that the adoption of Cesare Lombroso’s concepts stimulated the joint engagement and communication of medical and legal realms in Croatia. Our analysis exposed the traces of Lombroso’s ideas within the reform of the penal code, thus influencing forensic psychiatric practice. We showed how those ideas were translated into policy, politically exploited, and pitched into discussions employing rhetorical techniques, which led to the stigmatization of certain groups of people, particularly patients suffering from epilepsy. Our results also showed that, contrary to other countries that formed Austria-Hungary, the discussions about Lombroso’s criminology waned in Croatia after the First World War. We believe that our results can close the gap on this topic, adding the evidence about the spread and influence of Lombroso’s concepts within Austria-Hungary in the analyzed period.
Purpose
To demonstrate that Špišić’s photographs were used as a tool in representing the strategies and public health position of orthopaedics as an emerging medical specialty in Croatia in the ...period from 1915 to 1917.
Methods
Formal and contextual analysis of photographs included in the book
How we help our invalids: Images from our orthopaedic hospital and courses for disabled people
, which was published in 1917 by the founder of orthopaedics in Croatia Božidar Špišić (1879–1957), as well as historical documents and articles.
Results
Špišić’s 102 photographs cover all phases of the rehabilitation of disabled war veterans and depict them holistically and during typical everyday activities.
Conclusion
Špišić’s visualization of disabled veterans attempted to demonstrate the transformation and reactivation of disabled bodies, using them as a persuasive tool in the rehabilitation not only of individuals, but of the society as a whole.
U radu se donosi pregled pandemija virusnih bolesti tijekom 20. i 21. stoljeća te se opisuju njihove specifičnosti. Opisani su pojedini modeli zdravstvene zaštite te su istaknute kulturološke, ...političko-ekonomske i
zdravstvene reakcije na njihovu pojavu. Naglašeno je naslijeđe preventivne zaštite zdravlja stanovnika na našim prostorima i njegova uloga u reakcijama i modelima zaštite stanovništva u vrijeme pandemije izazvane koronavirusom.
The history of the condom, although repressed or bypassed throughout the centuries, represents an important part of our cultural history. An historical overview on how the condom was perceived by ...Croatian physicians and how the pharmaceutical industry advertised condoms in the first half of the 20th century is provided. The contributions on contraception in Croatian medical bulletins, as well as the advertisements published in our professional pharmaceutical journals established during the Interwar Period is discussed. Indeed, the condom was for the most part neglected either as a prophylactic or as a contraceptive among physicians and public health workers, despite epidemics of syphilis and the rise of socialized medicine. In conclusion, this paper is the first attempt to provide the history of condom in Croatia, discussing dominant attitudes toward contraception, prophylaxis of venereal diseases, the control of reproduction, and the ideologies about human sexuality.
The subjects of gerontology and geriatrics did not arouse stronger interest among Croatian scholars until the second half of the twentieth century. From 1952 to 1957, a number of Croatian medical ...experts gave lectures on gerontology at the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts. Based on these lectures, in 1958 the Academy published the first book on gerontology in Croatia under the title Symposium on Gerontology. Its editor was Franjo Kogoj, a dermatovenereologist and a Fellow of the Academy (1894-1983). In this article, we focused on the contents of Symposium, namely, on the discussions about geriatric terminology, theories of aging, epistemological issues in gerontology, as well as clinical experiences with older patients. We argue that Symposium marks the beginning of a synthetic and interdisciplinary approach to gerontology in Croatia.
Summary
In spring 1912, 25-year-old lawyer Luka Jukić tried to assassinate the Croatian Ban and Royal Commissioner Slavko Cuvaj. This article focuses on several aspects of the trial against Jukić: ...first, on analysing the impact of Cesare Lombroso’s criminology in Croatia; second, on the testimony by forensic psychiatrist Ivo Žirovčić, who controversially claimed that Jukić was sane; third, on unmasking the techniques and manipulations by the media, the regime and the opposition concerning the assassin’s alleged insanity; and finally, on identifying the ways in which the case influenced further political and revolutionary activities in the country. The discussion concerning Jukić’s accountability deepened the chasm between the supporters and opponents of Cuvaj’s regime, both in the political sphere and within the Croatian medical community.
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