•Cure models are useful for analyzing time-to-event data when a proportion of individuals will never experience the event of interest.•Parametric cure models allow for statistical inference for ...relative survival.•Tools for parametric modelling are available in the R-packages cuRe and rstpm2.•Both packages allow for flexible modelling of time-effects using splines.
Background and objective:Within medical research, cure models are useful for analyzing time-to-event data in the scenario where a proportion of the analyzed individuals are expected to never experience the event of interest. Cure models are also useful for modelling the relative survival in scenarios where a proportion of the individuals are expected to eventually experience a mortality rate similar to that of the general population. Here we present two R packages, cuRe and rstpm2, that provide researchers with several tools for performing statistical inference using parametric cure models.
Methods:Cure models are commonly used to estimate 1) the proportion of individuals that are cured and 2) the event-time distribution of individuals who are not cured. This can be done using simple parametric distributions for the event-time distribution of the uncured, but our implementations also enable fitting of more flexible spline-based cure models. The parametric framework of both packages ensures that cure models for the relative survival can easily be used.
Results:The cuRe package contains two main functions for estimating parametric mixture cure models; one based on simple parametric distributions (e.g. Weibull or exponential) and one utilizing a spline-based formulation of the cure model. The rstpm2 package enables estimation of spline-based latent cure models, i.e., cure models with no explicit parameters modelling the proportion of cured individuals.
Conclusions:Through the R-packages cuRe and rstpm2, a wide range of different parametric cure models can be fitted. The cuRe package also contains a number of useful post-estimation procedures for computing the time to statistical cure and conditional probability of cure, which may spread the use of cure models in medical research.
A
bstract
A search for a chargino-neutralino pair decaying via the 125 GeV Higgs boson into photons is presented. The study is based on the data collected between 2015 and 2018 with the ATLAS ...detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb
−
1
of
pp
collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No significant excess over the expected background is observed. Upper limits at 95% confidence level for a massless
χ
˜
1
0
are set on several electroweakino production cross-sections and the visible cross-section for beyond the Standard Model processes. In the context of simplified supersymmetric models, 95% confidence-level limits of up to 310 GeV in
m
χ
˜
1
±
/
χ
˜
2
0
, where
m
χ
˜
1
0
= 0
.
5 GeV, are set. Limits at 95% confidence level are also set on the
χ
˜
1
±
χ
˜
2
0
cross-section in the mass plane of
m
χ
˜
1
±
/
χ
˜
2
0
and
m
χ
˜
1
0
, and on scenarios with gravitino as the lightest supersymmetric particle. Upper limits at the 95% confidence-level are set on the higgsino production cross-section. Higgsino masses below 380 GeV are excluded for the case of the higgsino fully decaying into a Higgs boson and a gravitino.
Results on two-particle angular correlations for charged particles emitted in proton-proton collisions at center-of-mass energies of 0.9, 2.36, and 7 TeV are presented, using data collected with the ...CMS detector over a broad range of pseudorapidity (
η
) and azimuthal angle (
ϕ
). Short-range correlations in Δ
η
, which are studied in minimum bias events, are characterized using a simple “independent cluster” parametrization in order to quantify their strength (cluster size) and their extent in
η
(cluster decay width). Long-range azimuthal correlations are studied differentially as a function of charged particle multiplicity and particle transverse momentum using a 980 nb
−1
data set at 7 TeV. In high multiplicity events, a pronounced structure emerges in the two-dimensional correlation function for particle pairs with intermediate
p
T
of 1–3 GeV/
c
, 2.0 < |Δ
η
| < 4
.
8 and Δ
ϕ
≈ 0. This is the first observation of such a long-range, near-side feature in two-particle correlation functions in
pp
or
collisions.
A search for magnetic monopoles and high-electric-charge objects is presented using 34.4 fb^{-1} of 13 TeV pp collision data collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC during 2015 and 2016. The ...considered signature is based upon high ionization in the transition radiation tracker of the inner detector associated with a pencil-shape energy deposit in the electromagnetic calorimeter. The data were collected by a dedicated trigger based on the tracker high-threshold hit capability. The results are interpreted in models of Drell-Yan pair production of stable particles with two spin hypotheses (0 and 1/2) and masses ranging from 200 to 4000 GeV. The search improves by approximately a factor of 5 the constraints on the direct production of magnetic monopoles carrying one or two Dirac magnetic charges and stable objects with electric charge in the range 20≤|z|≤60 and extends the charge range to 60<|z|≤100.
Abstract New Physics can manifest itself in kinematic distributions of particle decays. The parameter space defining the shape of such distributions can be large which is chalenging for both ...theoretical and experimental studies. Using clustering algorithms, the parameter space can however be dissected into subsets (clusters) which correspond to similar kinematic distributions. Clusters can then be represented by benchmark points, which allow for less involved studies and a concise presentation of the results. We demonstrate this concept using the Python package ClusterKinG, an easy to use framework for the clustering of distributions that particularly aims to make these techniques more accessible in a High Energy Physics context. As an example we consider B ¯ → D ∗ τ − ν ¯ τ $$ \overline{B}\to {D}^{\left(\ast \right)}{\tau}^{-}{\overline{\nu}}_{\tau } $$ distributions and discuss various clustering methods and possible implications for future experimental analyses.
Background: Traditional criminological theories often emphasize social and environmental factors in criminal behavior. However, early biological research, which was initially reductionist and focused ...on physical traits, has evolved significantly with advancements in genetics and neuroimaging techniques. This evolution has led to a more nuanced understanding of the role of biological factors in criminal behavior. Objective: This review aims to critically examine how genetic, neurobiological, and psychophysiological factors contribute to criminal behavior, and to explore the interplay between these biological predispositions and environmental influences. Methods: We systematically analyzed empirical studies that investigate the impact of abnormalities in brain structures, neurotransmitter systems, and genetic predispositions on antisocial behaviors, integrating these findings with socio-environmental conditions. Results: Findings from recent studies indicate significant contributions of abnormalities in brain areas such as the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, and dysregulation in neurotransmitter systems to antisocial behaviors. These biological factors, when combined with environmental influences, enhance our understanding of criminal tendencies. Conclusion: The integration of biological perspectives into criminological theories marks a significant shift towards a more holistic approach in the study of criminal behavior. This review advocates for the development of targeted intervention strategies and ethical policy formulations, emphasizing the potential of biological research to improve the efficacy and humanity of the criminal justice system. Ongoing interdisciplinary research and collaboration are essential to continue advancing our understanding and management of criminal behavior.
Measurements of both the inclusive and differential production cross sections of a top-quark–antiquark pair in association with a
Z
boson (
t
t
¯
Z
) are presented. The measurements are performed by ...targeting final states with three or four isolated leptons (electrons or muons) and are based on
s
=
13
TeV proton–proton collision data with an integrated luminosity of 139
fb
-
1
, recorded from 2015 to 2018 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The inclusive cross section is measured to be
σ
t
t
¯
Z
=
0.99
±
0.05
(stat.)
±
0.08
(syst.) pb, in agreement with the most precise theoretical predictions. The differential measurements are presented as a function of a number of kinematic variables which probe the kinematics of the
t
t
¯
Z
system. Both absolute and normalised differential cross-section measurements are performed at particle and parton levels for specific fiducial volumes and are compared with theoretical predictions at different levels of precision, based on a
χ
2
/
ndf and
p
value computation. Overall, good agreement is observed between the unfolded data and the predictions.
Abstract Purpose The aim of the FEELING-ON-ICU study was to compare mortality estimations of critically ill patients based on ‘gut feeling’ of medical staff and by Acute Physiology And Chronic Health ...Evaluation (APACHE) II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA). Materials and methods Medical staff estimated patients' mortality risks via questionnaires. APACHE II, SAPS II and SOFA were calculated retrospectively from records. Estimations were compared with actual in-hospital mortality using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Results 66 critically ill patients (60.6% male, mean age 63 ± 15 years (range 30–86)) were evaluated each by a nurse ( n = 66, male 32.4%) and a physician ( n = 66, male 67.6%). 15 (22.7%) patients died on the intensive care unit. AUC was largest for estimations by physicians (AUC 0.814 (95% CI 0.705–0.923)), followed by SOFA (AUC 0.749 (95% CI 0.629–0.868)), SAPS II (AUC 0.723 (95% CI 0.597–0.849)), APACHE II (AUC 0.721 (95% CI 0.595–0.847)) and nursing staff (AUC 0.669 (95% CI 0.529–0.810)) ( p < 0.05 for all results). Conclusions The concept of physicians' ‘gut feeling’ was comparable to classical objective scores in mortality estimations of critically ill patients. Concerning practicability physicians' evaluations were advantageous to complex score calculation.
A
bstract
This paper reports searches for heavy resonances decaying into
ZZ
or
ZW
using data from proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of
s
=
13
TeV. The data, corresponding to an ...integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb
−1
, were recorded with the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016 at the Large Hadron Collider. The searches are performed in final states in which one
Z
boson decays into either a pair of light charged leptons (electrons and muons) or a pair of neutrinos, and the associated
W
boson or the other
Z
boson decays hadronically. No evidence of the production of heavy resonances is observed. Upper bounds on the production cross sections of heavy resonances times their decay branching ratios to
ZZ
or
ZW
are derived in the mass range 300-5000GeV within the context of Standard Model extensions with additional Higgs bosons, a heavy vector triplet or warped extra dimensions. Production through gluon-gluon fusion, Drell-Yan or vector-boson fusion are considered, depending on the assumed model.
The suppression of the individual Υ(nS) states in PbPb collisions with respect to their yields in pp data has been measured. The PbPb and pp data sets used in the analysis correspond to integrated ...luminosities of 150 μb(-1) and 230 nb(-1), respectively, collected in 2011 by the CMS experiment at the LHC, at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 2.76 TeV. The Υ(nS) yields are measured from the dimuon invariant mass spectra. The suppression of the Υ(nS) yields in PbPb relative to the yields in pp, scaled by the number of nucleon-nucleon collisions, R(AA), is measured as a function of the collision centrality. Integrated over centrality, the R(AA) values are 0.56±0.08(stat)±0.07(syst), 0.12±0.04(stat)±0.02(syst), and lower than 0.10 (at 95% confidence level), for the Υ(1S), Υ(2S), and Υ(3S) states, respectively. The results demonstrate the sequential suppression of the Υ(nS) states in PbPb collisions at LHC energies.
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