The primary objective for deploying renewable energy in India is to advance economic development, improve energy security, improve access to energy, and mitigate climate change. Sustainable ...development is possible by use of sustainable energy and by ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for citizens. Strong government support and the increasingly opportune economic situation have pushed India to be one of the top leaders in the world’s most attractive renewable energy markets. The government has designed policies, programs, and a liberal environment to attract foreign investments to ramp up the country in the renewable energy market at a rapid rate. It is anticipated that the renewable energy sector can create a large number of domestic jobs over the following years. This paper aims to present significant achievements, prospects, projections, generation of electricity, as well as challenges and investment and employment opportunities due to the development of renewable energy in India. In this review, we have identified the various obstacles faced by the renewable sector. The recommendations based on the review outcomes will provide useful information for policymakers, innovators, project developers, investors, industries, associated stakeholders and departments, researchers, and scientists.
Water is one of the important gifts to mankind. In recent days the accessibility of pharmaceuticals in the environment is progressively a worldwide concern. The significant wellspring of these ...contaminations in water assets is drugs for human use or veterinary medications. Intermediates, active metabolites and raw materials present in water from pharmaceutical industry waste because of incomplete sewage treatment systems. Various pharmaceutical components such as analgesic/antipyretics such as Ibuprofen (57.9–104 ng/L), Diclofenac (17–129 ng/L), antibiotics such as Sulfamethoxazole (28.7–124.5 ng/L), Sulfamethazine (29.2–83.9 ng/L), Azithromycin (10–68 ng/L), psychiatric drug such as Carbamazepine (9.3–92.4 ng/L), stimulants such as caffeine greater than 55 ng/L, antidepressants, antihypertensive, contraceptives etc., are present in water resources and have been detected in mg/L to μg/L range. The synergic effects and ecotoxicological hazard assessment must be developed. Studies demonstrate that these drugs might cause morphological, metabolic and sex alterations on sea-going species, and interruption of biodegradation activities. Hazard analysis and assessments are in progress. However, the conventional effluent treatment methods are not sufficient to remove API (active pharmaceutical ingredients) from this water effectively. There is necessitate for continuous monitoring of the pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic ecosystem to save the environment and living form of lives from health hazards. This work highlights the hazards, environmental assessment and the mitigation measures of pharmaceutical pollutants.
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•Highlight the most important ways of occurrence of pharmaceutical emerging contaminants (E.C.’s).•Organize the methods of detection, monitoring and the adverse impacts of E.C.’s is presented.•Comparison of various mitigation measures for the removal of pharmaceutical E.C.’s was highlighted which help the researchers for further studies.•Best practices with research focus to the development of sustainable treatment technologies.
In this study, we report an eco-friendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles decorated on reduced graphene oxide (Ag-rGO) nanocomposite by using the aqueous fruit extract of Phyllanthus acidus in ...basic medium. The Ag-rGO nanocomposite was characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The fruit extract of Phyllanthus acidus simultaneously reduced the silver ions as well as graphene oxide to form the nanocomposite. Apart from reduction, the extract also acts as a good stabilizing agent for the nanocomposite. Excellent catalytic activity towards oxidation of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) was achieved by Ag-rGO drop casted on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The Ag-rGO modified electrode produced almost four times higher anodic current compared to a bare GCE. Electrocatalytic oxidation of DA and UA occurred at 0.15 V and 0.27 V using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The calibration curves exhibited a narrow linear range from a concentration of 10–70 μM (R2 = 0.9896) and 10–130 μM (R2 = 0.9896) for DA and UA respectively with a detection limit of 1 μM for both by DPV (S/N ≈ 3). Simultaneous detection of DA and UA was possible with well resolved oxidation peaks, since the potential difference was greater than 100 mV. The modified electrode presented a very good selectivity, stability and reproducibility towards sensing DA and UA.
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•Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide (Ag-rGO).•Aqueous fruit extract of Phyllanthus acidus acts as reducing and stabilizing agent for the nanocomposite.•Simultaneous voltammetric detection of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) by Ag-rGO/GCE.•Highly resolved oxidation peaks for DA and UA with potential difference >100 mV via DPV.•Low limit of detection for both DA and UA was achieved.
The entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis indica, is a popular biocontrol agent of high commercial significance. It possesses tremendous genetic architecture to survive desiccation stress by ...undergoing anhydrobiosis to increase its lifespan-an attribute exploited in the formulation technology. The comparative transcriptome of unstressed and anhydrobiotic H. indica revealed several previously concealed metabolic events crucial for adapting towards the moisture stress. During the induction of anhydrobiosis in the infective juveniles (IJ), 1584 transcripts were upregulated and 340 downregulated. As a strategy towards anhydrobiotic survival, the IJ showed activation of several genes critical to antioxidant defense, detoxification pathways, signal transduction, unfolded protein response and molecular chaperones and ubiquitin-proteasome system. Differential expression of several genes involved in gluconeogenesis - beta-oxidation of fatty acids, glyoxylate pathway; glyceroneogenesis; fatty acid biosynthesis; amino-acid metabolism - shikimate pathway, sachharopine pathway, kyneurine pathway, lysine biosynthesis; one-carbon metabolism-polyamine pathway, transsulfuration pathway, folate cycle, methionine cycle, nucleotide biosynthesis; mevalonate pathway; and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were also observed. We report the role of shikimate pathway, sachharopine pathway and glyceroneogenesis in anhydrobiotes, and seven classes of repeat proteins, specifically in H. indica for the first time. These results provide insights into anhydrobiotic survival strategies which can be utilized to strengthen the development of novel formulations with enhanced and sustained shelf-life.
Highly porous, polyhedral metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) of Co(II)/Ni(II), {M6(TATAB)4(DABCO)3(H2O)3·12DMF·9H2O} n (where M = Co(II) (1)/Ni(II) (2), H3TATAB = ...4,4′,4″-s-triazine-1,3,5-triyl-tri-p-aminobenzoic acid, and DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo2.2.2octane) have been synthesized solvothermally. Both MOFs 1 and 2 show a 2-fold interpenetrated 3D framework structure composed of dual-walled cages of dimension ∼ 30 Å functionalized with a high density of Lewis acidic Co(II)/Ni(II) metal sites and basic -NH- groups. Interestingly, MOF 1 shows selective adsorption of CO2 with high heat of adsorption (Q st) value of 39.7 kJ/mol that is further supported by theoretical studies with computed binding energy (BE) of 41.17 kJ/mol. The presence of the high density of both Lewis acidic and basic sites make MOFs 1/2 ideal candidate materials to carry out co-catalyst-free cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides. Consequently, MOFs 1/2 act as excellent recyclable catalysts for cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides for high-yield synthesis of cyclic carbonates under co-catalyst-free mild conditions of 1 bar of CO2. Further, MOF 1 was recycled for five successive cycles without substantial loss in catalytic activity. Herein, rational design of rare examples of 3D polyhedral MOFs composed of Lewis acidic and basic sites exhibiting efficient co-catalyst-free conversion of CO2 has been demonstrated.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic chemicals that can persist in the environment for a longer period due to their non-biodegradability. The pervasive and bio-accumulative behavior of ...POPs makes them highly toxic to the environmental species including plants, animals, and humans. The present review specifies the POP along with their fate, persistence, occurrence, and risk analysis towards humans. The different biological POPs degradation methods, especially the microbial degradation using bacteria, fungi, algae, and actinomycetes, and their mechanisms were described. Moreover, the source, transport of POPs to the environmental sources, and the toxic nature of POPs were discussed in detail. Agricultural and industrial activities are distinguished as the primary source of these toxic compounds, which are delivered to air, soil, and water, affecting on the social and economic advancement of society at a worldwide scale. This review also demonstrated the microbial degradation of POPs and outlines the potential for an eco-accommodating and cost-effective approach for the biological remediation of POPs using microbes. The direction for future research in eliminating POPs from the environmental sources through various microbial processes was emphasized.
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•Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are the prominent toxic contaminants exist in environmental sources.•Agricultural and industrial practices are the primary sources for persistent organic pollutants.•The review involves the fate, persistence and occurrence of POPs.•The study inculcates the importance of microbial degradation to a greater extent.•Biological remediation of POPs is well discussed.•Future aspects of POP elimination through biological methods is emphasized.
The sine oculis homeobox (SIX) protein family is a group of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that are found in diverse organisms that range from flatworms to humans. These factors are ...expressed within, and play pivotal developmental roles in, cell populations that give rise to the head, retina, ear, nose, brain, kidney, muscle and gonads. Mutations within the fly and mammalian versions of these genes have adverse consequences on the development of these organs/tissues. Several SIX proteins have been shown to directly influence the cell cycle and are present at elevated levels during tumorigenesis and within several cancers. This review aims to highlight aspects of (1) the evolutionary history of the SIX family; (2) the structural differences and similarities amongst the different SIX proteins; (3) the role that these genes play in retinal development; and (4) the influence that these proteins have on cell proliferation and growth.
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•Peak impact load is solely depends on the impact energy level.•The perforation resistance is improved by stiffening grid honeycomb structure.•Damage tolerance capacity is attributed ...to the cell size of honeycomb structure.•Confined state of foam by the honeycomb structure influences mechanism of impact.•Interfacial bonding foam and honeycomb structure leads to improved energy transfer.
Syntactic foam core sandwich composites are potential materials for marine structural applications because of its high specific properties and better energy absorption characteristics. Sandwich composites used for marine structures (roofs, decks, hulls etc) may encounter low-velocity impact that may cause internal damages to the material. Internal damages that happen during impact are sometimes undetectable which may lead to the reduction in load carrying ability of the structure. Present investigation explores the possibilities of minimizing the extent of damages in syntactic foam core sandwich composites due to low-velocity-impact by enhancing its perforation resistance. This was achieved by integrating stiffening grid resin impregnated paper honeycomb (RIPH) structure in syntactic foam during manufacturing. The results showed that the peak impact load carrying capacity and damage tolerance capacity of sandwich composites is solely depends on the impact energy level. The extents of impact damage and energy dissipation mechanism of sandwich composites are significantly influenced by the cell size of resin impregnated paper honeycomb structure integrated syntactic foam core. Improved energy absorption characteristics and damage tolerance capacity of stiffened syntactic foam core sandwich composites are attributed to the cell size of RIPH structure.
PurposeThe study aims to analyze, realize and identify the extent of research on financial literacy (FL) and to reveal the study trends, growth and evolution in the Scopus database from a ...bibliometric analysis. Principally, the primary purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric review of studies focusing on the use, identification, network structure and conceptual structure of FL.Design/methodology/approachThe most relevant articles were found using an electronic search. The studies that would be reviewed were sourced from the Scopus database. A total of 1,211 articles were found and refined to 768 papers between 1997 and 2021. Every composition has been analyzed in different dimensions such as co-authorship, co-citation, conceptual structure, co-word occurrence, trend topics analysis, thematic map, topic dendrogram, three field plot diagram and visualization analysis with the help of R programming language and VOSviewer software.FindingsMotor themes, basic transverse, niche, and emerging and declining themes were identified using (Callon, 1991) a strategic thematic map. The analysis’s results showed that, over the past 20 years, FL literature has advanced remarkably. It also acts as a reference means for future researchers. This study adopted relational techniques such as co-word, co-author, co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling and thematic map analysis revealing the emerging topics for future research. The relational approach indicates that “FL” and “human” are two central parts that connect to other frequently used words in the studies examined.Research limitations/implicationsThe study deploys bibliometric analysis appropriate for deriving insights from the vast extant literature. However, a meta-analysis might offer deeper insights into specific dimensions of the research topic. It expands the previous literature and shows study topics that are more focused by examining the abstracts and contents of articles published in journals in different Scopus categories. For future researchers to derive a solid theoretical framework, a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis would be helpful. Science mapping for this study is limited to the Scopus database owing to its more comprehensive coverage of good-quality journals.Practical implicationsFor future researchers to derive a solid theoretical framework, a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis would be helpful. Science mapping for this study is limited to the Scopus database owing to its more comprehensive coverage of good-quality journals. The authors offer suggestions for promising directions for future research that could address some of the inconsistencies found from the bibliometric analysis study.Social implicationsThis study can help both budding and established researchers to find new research focus, relevant sources, and collaboration opportunities and make informed decisions. Findings related to evaluative and relational techniques can serve as helpful information for researchers who are new to the field.Originality/valueIt shows the indicators used to benchmark institutes, authors, journals or articles. The increase in researchers’ collaborative, multi-authored and interdisciplinary efforts also revealed an annual growth rate of 23.77%. Overall, this study enhanced the understanding of the FL phenomenon and provided an experience and interpret a wide range of publication- and citation-based statistics. This study contributes to understanding the collaborative networks of various researchers and institutions and the benefits/detriments of collaborating cross-disciplinary, internationally, or with industry or corporate institutions.
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•A label-free sensing probe is developed for 25(OH)D3 determination.•A low limit of detection, and a wide linear range were obtained.•The developed sensor is clinically acceptable to ...identify serum 25(OH)D3.•First impedimetric determination of 25(OH)D3 using GCN-β-CD@Au nanocomposite.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) has been clinically considered as a novel biomarker for vitamin D deficiency. The current standard technologies for the detection of 25(OH)D are performed in sophisticated laboratories exhibiting the practical limitations for onsite and affordable testing. Therefore, the development of a cost-effective device for Vitamin D is extremely necessary to provide an earlier diagnosis. Herein, for the first time, we propose a novel label-free impedimetric immunosensor for the detection and quantification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) biomarker in serum samples based on the Au nanoparticles functionalized GCN–β-CD nanocomposite. To fabricate the sensing probe, Ab-25(OH)D3 antibodies were covalently immobilized on GCN–β-CD@Au/GCE using carbodiimide chemistry. The surface morphology and structural properties of constructed immunosensor were confirmed by different analytical techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique (EIS) has been selected as the main detection method to measure the Antibody (Ab) and Antigen (Ag) interaction at the immunosensor surface because it is label-free, less destructive to the activities of the biomolecule, and highly sensitive. The as-prepared immunosensor exhibited an excellent concentration range from 0.1 ng/ml to 500 ng/ml with the lowest limit of detection of 0.01 ng/ml. Furthermore, the sensing probe was validated in serum samples and obtained results were compared with the standard CLIA technique. The results have revealed that the sensing probe could be used for clinical diagnosis of Vitamin D deficiency in the clinical laboratories.
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