Twin-twin interactions control the formation of twin-twin junctions (TTJ) in hexagonal metals when multiple twin variants are activated in a grain. In this work, we employ a combination of two ...computational techniques, a 3D full-field crystal plasticity model (CP) and large-scale molecular dynamics (MD), to study the TTJ formation associated with two non-parallel {101¯2} twins in Mg. The local intra-granular stresses generated by discrete twins are computed using a spatially resolved CP model. Atomic-scale knowledge regarding formation processes and local stresses is revealed by MD. The combined analyses suggest that the twin junction forms by the migration of the boundaries of both, the impinging and impinged twin, taking place in the immediate vicinity of the contact point. It is further shown that local stress fields that are generated after initial contact promote thickening of the impinging twin, and may facilitate nucleation of a new twin on the opposite boundary of the recipient twin. Calculations of the strain energies suggest that formation of the co-zone twin-twin junction is energetically favorable but detwinning of the TTJ upon load reversal or under cyclic loading is not.
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Herein, pure ZnS and Sn-doped (1–5 wt%) ZnS nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by simple chemical co-precipitation method. The average crystallite sizes of synthesized NPs determined ...using Debye–Scherrer formula were found to be between 3 and 5 nm. Morphological features of ZnS NPs were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The microscopy result showed that the samples had microspherical structure and were assembled by tiny particles. UV–Vis studies were performed for the determination of bandgap of the samples. The compositional information of photocatalysts was determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Photocatalytic activity of NPs was evaluated by taking methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange dyes as model pollutants and their comparative degradation behavior has been discussed. The Sn-doped ZnS NPs displayed excellent photodegradation efficiency of 93% for MB dye compared to 49% for ZnS.
In general, Metasurface Antennas (MSA) are designed to diminish the antenna shape by enhancing the operating band and directivity. As the efficiency decreases, the design complexity of MSA increases. ...In order to enhance the antenna design, a high-gain MSA is designed using the hybrid African Vulture's Optimization Algorithm (AVOA), and the Capuchin Search Algorithm (CapSA) is used for Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting. The dimensions of the designed antenna are
1.66
λ
0
×
1.25
λ
0
×
0.02
λ
0
with a resonating frequency of 5 GHz. To design the high gain MSA, the proposed Hybrid African Vulture’s Optimization and Capuchin Search Algorithm (Hyb-AVOA-CapSA) is used to enhance the antenna parameters such as radiation efficiency, Bandwidth, gain, and return loss. Therefore, the proposed MSA design has achieved high efficiency and profit. Finally, the simulation has done on HFSS19 and ADS2020 version software; and evaluated using MATLAB. The proposed antenna gives a better efficiency of 70.12%, and resonate at 1.5 GHz of the axial ratio bandwidth at 5 GHz resonant frequency. The gain of the proposed antenna has increased from 6.86 to 7.6 dBi. While examining the comparative outcomes, the proposed approach has attained 22.4%, 23.7% high gain, and 18.85%, 12.6% lower return loss than the compared methods. Thus, the designed MSA is applied in RF energy harvesting applications because of its compact, low-profile, and simple structure. The Rectenna design uses a voltage doubler circuit at the receiver end and produces 5.55 V.
In multicasting packets of data from a node will be sent to a group of receiver nodes at the same time. Multicasting lowers transmission costs. Energy conservation is critical to a sensor network’s ...long-term viability. Sensor networks have limited and non-replenishable energy supplies, maximizing network lifetime is crucial in sensor nodes. As a result, clustering has become one of the popular methods for extending the lifetime of an entire system by integrating information at the cluster head. Cluster head (CH) selection is the important serving node in each cluster in the Wireless sensor networks (WSN). This paper introduces a High Power Node (HPN) multicasting approach which embeds a cluster of sink node data in packet headers to allow receiver for utilizing a approach for transferring multicast packet data via the shortest paths. The proposed Energy efficient multicasting cluster based routing (EEMCR) protocol utilized high power nodes, which shall play a critical role in minimal energy usage. The implementation findings demonstrate that, when compared with the previous methodologies, the suggested algorithm has enhanced in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), End to end delivery rate, efficiency and achieves low energy consumption. The proposed EEMCR obtain 95% efficiency. The results are then compared to other existing algorithms to determine the superiority of the proposed methodology.
Kabasura Kudineer (KK), the traditional Indian medicine of Siddha, effectively manages common respiratory symptoms such as flu, cold, and fever. However, there is no evidence of the immunomodulatory ...capacity of KK in the cultured Jurkat T-lymphocytes under the LPS insult studied.
Assess the effect of the traditional Indian medicine of Siddha, Kabasura Kudineer (KK) on immunomodulation by suppressing oxidative damage in cultured Jurkat T cells in vitro. The miRNA activity on anti-inflammatory gene receptors and cellular nitric oxide levels also was studied.
Jurkat T cells were exposed to LPS treatment in the presence or absence of KK. Cell viability and nitric oxide (NO) were measured with MTT and Griess assay. Cellular antioxidant systems (glutathione and SOD) were determined using glutathione and SOD assay. Lipid peroxidation was measured using an MDA assay. MiRNA-15a-5p expression was performed using microRNA qPCR Assays. Both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes (IL-6, IL-1, IL-10, IL-13) were performed using a qPCR and ELISA assay.
The data showed that reduced cell proliferation and exaggerated NO production was observed in LPS treated condition compared to the control condition. Further, LPS treatment increased lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and glutathione) in cultured Jurkat T cells. However, treatment with KK or N-acetyl cysteine (NAC; antioxidant) treatment mitigates the above effect. Mechanistically, LPS-induced oxidative stress upregulated miR- 15-5p expression and suppressed IL-10 Receptor alpha (IL-10Rα) by binding to its 3′-UTR region. The deregulated expression of IL-10Rα expression leads to increased IL-6 and IL-1β expression in LPS-induced Jurkat T cells; however, treatment with KK or NAC reversed the above effects.
Collectively, our study revealed the previously undefined mechanistic role of Kabasura Kudineer (KK) that alleviates the LPS-induced oxidative damage associated with inflammation by inhibiting the miRNA-15-5p/IL-10Rα axis.
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•LPS-induced Jurkat T-lymphocyte dysfunction is mediated by reduced NO production.•Kabasura Kudineer treatment prevents LPS induced reduced NO production and improves the cellular redox homeostasis.•Kabasura Kudineer prevents LPS accentuated Jurkat T-lymphocytes inflammation and suppression of IL-10Rα expression via miRNA-15/IL-10RA Axis.•Kabasura Kudineer regulates immune modulation by upregulating anti-inflammatory genes (IL-10, IL-13) expression.
Lanthanum (La) doped Cerium Oxide (CeO2) nanopowder was synthesized at a relatively lower temperature (70°C), without calcination in a simple, faster, and efficient way through sonochemical method. ...X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the formation of a cubic fluorite structure of nanocrystalline CeO2 and lattice deformation due to La-doping in CeO2. TEM analysis revealed that the size of La-doped CeO2 particles is in the range of 20−50 nm. In addition, selective area electron diffraction (SAED) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) analyses portrayed the nano-crystallinity, lattice fringe pattern, and d-spacing details of La-doped CeO2 powder. Lanthanum doping in CeO2 was further confirmed by a shift in Raman band towards the lower frequency (from 464 cm−1 to 457cm−1) along with peak intensity increase. Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra showed that emission intensity of the La-doped CeO2 at 510 nm is increased due to oxygen vacancy mediated charge transfer. All these results confirm the successful doping of La in CeO2. The La-doped CeO2 powder possesses a high dielectric constant (εr) of 106 and a low dielectric loss (tan δ) of <0.4 % at 1 kHz. The La-doped CeO2 finds potential applications on developing devices in the field of a thin film capacitor, transistors, and solid oxide fuel cells.
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•Low-temperature synthesis of La-doped CeO2 nanopowder without calcination.•Narrow particle size distribution of La-doped CeO2 nanopowder (20–50 nm).•La-doped CeO2 nanopowder with high dielectric constant of 106 at 1 kHz with low dielectric loss of 0.2•Facile one-pot sonochemical synthesis of lanthanum doped cerium oxide nanopowder.
The heat and mass transfer properties of a two-dimensional electrically conducting incompressible Maxwell fluid have been explored in the existence of, chemical reaction, heat generation/absorption, ...and thermal radiation. This was done by moving the fluid through a stretched sheet. Polymer extrusion and metal thinning are two instances of the vast importance of this topic from a practical standpoint. Using the appropriate similarity variables, it is feasible to non-dimensionalize the PDEs regulating the stream and their related boundary conditions. Fourth- and fifth-order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg schemes are utilized to solve the resulting modified ODEs. The impact of the many thermo-physical parameters embedded in the system on the velocity, temperature, and concentration has been identified and quantitatively analyzed. When comparing our observations to those found in the literature, we find a lot of concordances when looking at case studies. The concentration distribution becomes more intense as the estimations of the chemical reaction parameter are improved, and the effect of thermal radiation is greater as the temperature rises. Thermophoresis is a transport force that arises when a temperature gradient exists. An increase in thermophoresis leads to a hotter surface since a thicker boundary layer means a higher temperature there.
In this work, a modified tool design was adopted to drill holes in the dry EDM process. Experiments were conducted on AISI D2 steel using a copper electrode as the tool. Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal ...array was used to design the experiments. Discharge current (
I
), pulse on time (
T
ON
), Voltage (
V
), pressure (
P
) and tool rotational speed (
N
) were chosen as the various input parameters. The grey relational analysis was used to determine the optimal level of parameters to achieve better results. The experimental data were also statistically analysed by using the ANOVA test. The current (
I
) was found to be the most influential parameter followed by the pressure (
P
). The surface morphology and microstructure of the machined surface were analysed, and it was found that better surface characteristics were exhibited on the surface machined using the optimal level of parameters.
TiO
2
nanoparticle-decorated graphene was produced by mechanical milling of TiO
2
powder with graphite followed by sonication of the nanocomposite in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate surfactant. ...Sonication led to the exfoliation of graphite to produce TiO
2
nanoparticle–graphene composite. The as-prepared TiO
2
–graphite nanocomposite was characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and the exfoliated TiO
2
–graphene nanocomposite was analyzed using Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated the formation of faceted titanium dioxide particles with an average size of ~ 200 nm. Thickness of the few layered graphene sheets was found to be 2 + 0.8 nm. The glassy carbon electrode coated with the TiO
2
nanoparticle–graphene composite was used to detect potassium ferricyanide (K
3
FeCN
6
) by cyclic voltammetric method. TiO
2
nanoparticle–graphene-coated surface demonstrated improved response with enhanced current for K
3
FeCN
6
detection.
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the well-known highly toxic environmental and industrial pollutants. Cd first accumulates in the nucleus and later interacts with zinc finger proteins of antiapoptotic genes ...and inhibit the binding of transcriptional factors and transcription. However, the role of Cd in oxidative stress and apoptosis is less understood. Hence, the present study was undertaken to unveil the mechanism of action. A549 cells were treated with or without Cd and cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Treatment of cells with Cd shows reduced viability in a dose-dependent manner with IC
50
of 45 μM concentration. Cd significantly induces the reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation followed by membrane damage with the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Cells with continuous exposure of Cd deplete the antioxidant super oxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzymes. Further, analysis of the expression of genes involved in apoptosis show that both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways were involved. Death receptor marker tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), executor caspase-8 and pro-apoptotic gene (Bax) were induced, while antiapoptotic gene (Bcl-2) was decreased in Cd-treated cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis further confirms the induction of apoptosis in Cd-treated A549 cells.
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