With the maturation of display devices using liquid crystal (LC) materials, likely, in normally transparent reverse mode polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) devices’ performance and development ...have been assessed in the present review. The fabrication techniques and various normally transparent reverse mode devices such as polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC), polymer network liquid crystal, polymer-stabilized liquid crystal, anisotropic LC gels and nematic emulsions are discussed. Further, the simultaneous effects of external stimuli such as external fields, optical effects, temperature and composition of constituents of PDLC mixture are reported for analysing the technological advancement of normally transparent reverse mode LC devices. The performance parameters discussed in this review are texture formation, transmission, response time, contrast ratio, viewing angle, threshold and operating voltages. The interdependency of these parameters on overall performance of the device is also discussed and analysed. Thus, new areas of application in the realms of 2D/3D and multi-plane display devices, normally transparent shutters/smart windows, augmented/virtual reality devices are interesting technological advancements in basic and applied research using these novel anisotropic LC and polymeric materials.
A BSTRACT Policy decisions shape strategies which in turn influence the outcome. The expected outcome of medical education in India is to produce an MBBS graduate of first contact. Are we able to do ...so or are we failing in that and what are the reasons behind our failure Is it a failure on part of the regulatory body to align with the expected outcome using a continuity of approach or a willingness to accept transitory as the process to achieve the objective?
Marburg virus (MARV) is among the most virulent pathogens of primates, including humans. Contributors to severe MARV disease include immune response suppression and inflammatory gene dysregulation ...(“cytokine storm”), leading to systemic damage and often death. Conversely, MARV causes little to no clinical disease in its reservoir host, the Egyptian rousette bat (ERB). Previous genomic and in vitro data suggest that a tolerant ERB immune response may underlie MARV avirulence, but no significant examination of this response in vivo yet exists. Here, using colony-bred ERBs inoculated with a bat isolate of MARV, we use species-specific antibodies and an immune gene probe array (NanoString) to temporally characterize the transcriptional host response at sites of MARV replication relevant to primate pathogenesis and immunity, including CD14+ monocytes/macrophages, critical immune response mediators, primary MARV targets, and skin at the inoculation site, where highest viral loads and initial engagement of antiviral defenses are expected. Our analysis shows that ERBs upregulate canonical antiviral genes typical of mammalian systems, such as ISG15, IFIT1, and OAS3, yet demonstrate a remarkable lack of significant induction of proinflammatory genes classically implicated in primate filoviral pathogenesis, including CCL8, FAS, and IL6. Together, these findings offer the first in vivo functional evidence for disease tolerance as an immunological mechanism by which the bat reservoir asymptomatically hosts MARV. More broadly, these data highlight factors determining disparate outcomes between reservoir and spillover hosts and defensive strategies likely utilized by bat hosts of other emerging pathogens, knowledge that may guide development of effective antiviral therapies.
•CD14+ monocytes show Marburg virus replication after infection of reservoir bats•Infected bat monocytes and tissues show canonical antiviral response gene induction•Infected bat host response lacks significant induction of immunopathogenic genes•Immunoprotective bat response contrasts starkly to that reported for sick primates
A long-standing question for zoonotic diseases is how animal reservoirs such as bats immunologically control infection by pathogens that often kill spillover hosts such as humans. Guito et al. present clear evidence that Marburg virus-infected Egyptian rousette bats avert pathology by limiting induction of proinflammatory genes linked to severe disease.
Early diagnosis of lethal radiation is imperative since its intervention time windows are considerably short. Hence, ideal diagnostic candidates of radiation should be easily accessible, enable to ...inform about the stress history and objectively triage subjects in a time-efficient manner. Therefore, the small molecules such as metabolites and microRNAs (miRNAs) from plasma are legitimate biomarker candidate for lethal radiation. Our objectives were to comprehend the radiation-driven molecular pathogenesis and thereby determine biomarkers of translational potential. We investigated an established minipig model of LD70/45 total body irradiation (TBI). In this pilot study, plasma was collected pre-TBI and at multiple time points post-TBI. The majority of differentially expressed miRNAs and metabolites were perturbed immediately after TBI that potentially underlined the severity of its acute impact. The integrative network analysis of miRNA and metabolites showed a cohesive response; the early and consistent perturbations of networks were linked to cancer and the shift in musculoskeletal atrophy synchronized with the comorbidity-networks associated with inflammation and bioenergy synthesis. Subsequent comparative pipeline delivered 92 miRNAs, which demonstrated sequential homology between human and minipig, and potentially similar responses to lethal radiation across these two species. This panel promised to retrospectively inform the time since the radiation occurred; thereby could facilitate knowledge-driven interventions.
Life science research is moving quickly towards large-scale experimental designs that are comprised of multiple tissues, time points, and samples. Omic time-series experiments offer answers to three ...big questions: what collective patterns do most analytes follow, which analytes follow an identical pattern or synchronize across multiple cohorts, and how do biological functions evolve over time. Existing tools fall short of robustly answering and visualizing all three questions in a unified interface.
Functional Heatmap offers time-series data visualization through a Master Panel page, and Combined page to answer each of the three time-series questions. It dissects the complex multi-omics time-series readouts into patterned clusters with associated biological functions. It allows users to identify a cascade of functional changes over a time variable. Inversely, Functional Heatmap can compare a pattern with specific biology respond to multiple experimental conditions. All analyses are interactive, searchable, and exportable in a form of heatmap, line-chart, or text, and the results are easy to share, maintain, and reproduce on the web platform.
Functional Heatmap is an automated and interactive tool that enables pattern recognition in time-series multi-omics assays. It significantly reduces the manual labour of pattern discovery and comparison by transferring statistical models into visual clues. The new pattern recognition feature will help researchers identify hidden trends driven by functional changes using multi-tissues/conditions on a time-series fashion from omic assays.
The implication of this is there for all of us to reflect on. ...it is important to evaluate HRQOL in patients in TB as this will help better plan patient-oriented TB intervention. ...studies ...focusing on collection of data that incorporate a broad spectrum of health outcomes (impairment, functional status, and perceptions) in addition to death will go a long way in building data related to health and QOL. ...probably, it is about time that researchers across the globe start collecting data using composite index, including QOL as a domain and policy-makers start using such index for planning public health interventions.
2 Although injury epidemiology did see a transition from infectious disease models to chronic disease models largely because of initial works by John Gordon, injury science will continue to be better ...understood in epidemiologic triad model of the host, agent, environment, a model much closer to infectious diseases largely due to works by James Gibson and William Haddon. What is important is the recognition that injury events often have identifiable characteristics, and that we may be able to prevent future injuries by intervening on one or more of these characteristics. ...what will help make injury prevention successful globally? The third step is to build national injury prevention programs with inbuilt provisions for dissemination of information related to injury prevention to the community, other professionals, key policymakers, and leaders through diverse communication networks and focus on prevention through policy, enforcement, advocacy, and education.
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