Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Its pathophysiology comprises acute and chronic phases and ...incorporates a cascade of destructive events such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, apoptotic pathways and locomotor dysfunctions. Many therapeutic strategies have been proposed to overcome neurodegenerative events and reduce secondary neuronal damage. Efforts have also been devoted in developing neuroprotective and neuro-regenerative therapies that promote neuronal recovery and outcome. Although varying degrees of success have been achieved, curative accomplishment is still elusive probably due to the complex healing and protective mechanisms involved. Thus, current understanding in this area must be assessed to formulate appropriate treatment modalities to improve SCI recovery. This review aims to promote the understanding of SCI pathophysiology, interrelated or interlinked multimolecular interactions and various methods of neuronal recovery i.e., neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and neuro-regenerative pathways and relevant approaches.
Surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones (TCs) is about three times larger during premonsoon than during postmonsoon season in the Bay of Bengal. We investigate processes responsible for this ...seasonal contrast using an ocean general circulation model. The model is forced by TC winds prescribed from an analytic vortex using observed TC tracks and intensities during 1978–2007. The simulation accurately captures the seasonal cycle of salinity, temperature, and barrier layer in this region, with fresher waters, deeper upper‐ocean stratification, and thicker barrier layers during postmonsoon season. It also reproduces the three times larger TC‐induced cooling during premonsoon than during postmonsoon season. This difference is essentially related to seasonal changes in oceanic stratification rather than to differences in TC wind energy input. During the postmonsoon season, a deeper thermal stratification combined with a considerable upper‐ocean freshening strongly inhibits surface cooling induced by vertical mixing underneath TCs. On average, thermal stratification accounts for ∼60% of this cooling reduction during postmonsoon season, while haline stratification accounts for the remaining 40%. Their respective contributions however strongly vary within the Bay: haline stratification explains a large part of the TC‐induced cooling inhibition offshore of northern rim of the Bay (Bangladesh‐Myanmar‐east coast of India), where salinity seasonal changes are the strongest, while thermal stratification explains all the cooling inhibition in the southwestern Bay. This study hence advocates for an improved representation of upper‐ocean salinity and temperature effects in statistical and dynamical TCs forecasts that could lead to significant improvements of TC intensity prediction skill.
Key Points
TC‐induced cooling in Bay of Bengal is far weaker during post than pre‐monsoon
Thermal stratification changes account for ~70% of this cooling inhibition
Haline stratification explains most of cooling inhibition along Bay northern rim
Diets containing high proportions of fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of onset of chronic diseases. The role of herbal medicines in improving human health is gaining popularity over the years, ...which also increases the need for safety and efficiency of these products. Green leafy vegetables (GLVs) are the richest source of phenolic compounds with excellent antioxidant properties. Increased consumption of diets containing phenolic compounds may give positive and better results to human health and significantly improves the immune system. Highly selective, susceptible and versatile analytical techniques are necessary for extraction, identification, and quantification of phenolic compounds from plant extracts, which helps to utilize their important biological properties. Recent advances in the pre-treatment procedures, separation techniques and spectrometry methods are used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds. The online coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC–MS) has become a useful tool in the metabolic profiling of plant samples. In this review, the separation and identification of phenolic acids and flavonoids from GLVs by LC–MS have been discussed along with the general extraction procedures and other sources of mass spectrometer used. The review is devoted to the understanding of the structural configuration, nature and accumulation pattern of phenolic acids and flavonoids in plants and to highlighting the recent developments in the chemical investigation of these compounds by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. It concludes with the advantages of the combination of these two methods and prospects.
Linoleic acid (LA) (n−6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) (n−3) are essential fatty acids (EFAs) as they cannot be synthesized by humans or other higher animals. In the human body, these fatty acids (FAs) ...give rise to arachidonic acid (ARA, n−6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, n−3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, n−3) that play key roles in regulating body homeostasis. Locally acting bioactive signaling lipids called eicosanoids derived from these FAs also regulate diverse homeostatic processes. In general, ARA gives rise to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids whereas EPA and DHA give rise to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. Thus, a proportionally higher consumption of n−3 PUFAs can protect us against inflammatory diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic diseases. The present review summarizes major sources, intake, and global consumption of n−3 and n−6 PUFAs. Their metabolism to biosynthesize long-chain PUFAs and eicosanoids and their roles in brain metabolism, cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer, and bone health are also discussed.
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•Leafy vegetables, fruits, and microalgae are the rich source of carotenoids.•The choice of solvent is the most critical for efficient extraction of carotenoids.•Soxhlet extraction is a conventional ...method delivers the highest yield of carotenoids.•Supercritical fluid extraction is the superior “green” method for the carotenoids.•Green extraction needs further methodological and technological advancements.
The versatile use of carotenoids in feed, food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries has emphasized the optimization of extraction methods to obtain the highest recovery. The choice of method for carotenoid extraction from food matrices is crucial, owing to the presence of diverse carotenoids with varied levels of polarity, and the presence of various physical and chemical barriers in the food matrices. This review highlights the theoretical aspects and recent developments of various conventional and nonconventional methods used for the extraction of carotenoids, including ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Recent applications of non-toxic and environmentally safe solvents (green solvents) and ionic liquids (IL) for carotenoid extraction are also described. Additionally, future research challenges in the context of carotenoids extractions are also identified.
The study lists active and break monsoon events over India over a very long period (1901–2014) identified using criteria based on a rainfall index derived over a critical high rainfall region called ...core monsoon zone. The break and active spells identified in this study were mostly comparable with that identified in the earlier studies based on similar rainfall criteria during the common data period (1951–2007). However, some noticeable differences were observed in the rainfall anomaly pattern associated with the break monsoon spells identified in this study and that identified based on the synoptic criteria in the earlier studies. The stringent rainfall criteria used in this study seems to be better criteria for identifying the breaks. During the study period, both the active and break spells of short duration were more frequent than the long duration with about 63.4 % of the break spells and 94.3 % of the active spells falling in the range of 3–6 days. There were no active spells of duration ≥13 days. Whereas, about 8 % of the break spells were of duration ≥13 days. During both the halves of the data period (1901–1957 and 1958–2014), there was no change in the distribution of the break events. However, the number of active spells showed an increase of about 12 % in the in the second half, which was mainly in the short duration (3–6 days) spells. During the data period, decadal variations of break days showed an out phase of relationship with the number of days of monsoon depression (MD). Relatively stronger in phase relationship was observed between the decadal variation of MD days and that of the active days till around early 1980s which reversed later due to sudden decrease in the MD days. During the same period, both the active and break days were in the increasing phase. This was also coincided with the sudden and significant increase in the number of days of monsoon lows (LOW). The LOWs, which generally have short life helped in the occurrence of active spells of short duration. Thus, post early 1980s, the increase in the active days covering short duration active spells caused by the significant increase in the LOW days compensated the decrease in the active days covering relatively long duration active spells caused by the MD days. This lead to the out of phase relationship between MD days and the active days post early 1980s.
Metal sulfide - semiconductor nanocomposites synthesized with well-defined tin metal, exhibited the wide bandgap, the absorptions are limited to the UV–vis region for reduction of Reactive Blue 160 ...(RB 160) under solar light irradiation. The prepared samples were characterized using optoelectronic techniques. Conveniently, a wider range of wavelengths and physical properties can be enabled by doping these metal oxide nanoparticles. Whereas the photoreduction of RB 160 is unambiguously associated within charge separation and transmission progression from the excited Sn doped ZnO/CdS. Furthermore, Photocatalytic degradation efficiency for the Sn doped ZnO/CdS composites still reliant on the excitation strength, indicating the several electrons and protons were precise as a result of charge separation and transmission in prepared catalyst. Sn doped ZnO/CdS composites shows 94% Photocatalytic degradation efficiency within 120 min under sunlight irradiation. This photocatalytic nanocomposites may find capable applications in solar cells to power stretchable and also in wearable electronics.
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•A facile synthesis of ZnO with CdS and Sn nanocomposite for photocatalysis showed improved photocatalysis under sunlight.•Excellent crystallinity, surface morphology, improved optical response, and outstanding stability.•ZnO/CdS/Sn composite photocatalysts were used as catalysts to degrade ∼94% degradation of RB160•OH.• radicals were the main species for the photodegradation process.
Siddha Medicine is a valuable therapeutic choice which is classically used for treating viral respiratory infections, this principle of medicine is proven to contain antiviral compounds.
The study is ...aimed to execute the In Silico computational studies of phytoconstituents of Siddha official formulation Kabasura Kudineer and novel herbal preparation - JACOM which are commonly used in treating viral fever and respiratory infectious diseases and could be affective against the ongoing pandemic novel corona virus disease SARS-CoV-2.
Cresset Flare software was used for molecular docking studies against the spike protein SARS-CoV-2 (PDB ID: 6VSB). Further, we also conducted insilico prediction studies on the pharmacokinetics (ADME) properties and the safety profile in order to identify the best drug candidates by using online pkCSM and SwissADME web servers.
Totally 37 compounds were screened, of these 9 compounds showed high binding affinity against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. All the phytoconstituents were free from carcinogenic and tumorigenic properties. Based on these, we proposed the new formulation called as “SNACK–V”
Based on further experiments and clinical trials, these formulations could be used for effective treatment of COVID-19.
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•In silico Docking Studies of Kabasura Kudineer-Official Siddha Formulation and JACOM against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.•37 Phytochemical constituents were docked to spike glycoprotein of SARS-COV-2 (PDB ID: 6VSB) by using Cresset Flare software.•Chrysoeriol and Luteolin from Kabasura Kudineer and Quercetin from JACOM shown the highest dock score values of above -11.00.•In silico ADME and drug Likeliness and synthetic accessibility were also carried out for phytoconstituents.
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•(SAFPBM) as heterogeneous photocatalyst was synthesized and characterized.•The transesterification of castor oil performed with was with methanol ethanol in presence of visible light ...irradiations (5W/9W/12W LED).•Maximum yield of the methyl biodiesel achieved of 94% (18 h, 15 mg photocatalyst under visible light at ambient conditions).•The heterogeneous photocatalyst (SAFPBM) was recycled up to 7th cycle without declined its activity.•The possible mechanism is through formation of H+, CH3O* and RCOOH* on the surface of catalyst.
A novel sulfonic acid-functionalized porphyrin comprising benzimidazolium moiety (SAFPBM) was prepared using 1-(3-formyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-3-(4-sulfobutyl) (3a), dihydro-1H-benzod imidazole-3-ium(oxidosulfinyl)bis(I1-oxy) (7a) and pyrrole in stoichiometric proportions. The synthesized photocatalyst was confirmed by various characterizations and assessed as a potential photocatalyst for the conversion of castor oil to biodiesel component by reaction with alcohols in presence of visible light irradiations (5 W/9W/12 W LED). The photocatalyst with 0.70 Hammett acidity, achieved 94% methyl ricinoleate in 18 h using 15 mg under visible light at ambient temperature and 6:1 methanol: castor oil ratio. SAFPBM displayed admirable photocatalytic activity with recyclability for 7 runs, towards the transesterification of castor oil and other vegetable oils at room temperature. The formation of methyl recinoleate was confirmed by NMR, DEPT, HRMS, HPLC and successfully hydrogenated to methyl 12-hydroxyoctadecanoate using HCOOH as a hydrogen source. A plausible reaction mechanism for the formation of methyl ricinoleate is projected via formation of H+, CH3O* and unstable tetrahedral intermediate on Photocatalytic surface.
The work studied the use of special concrete, specifically lightweight concrete, by incorporating pumice as a natural aggregate. One significant disadvantage of nominal concrete is its high dead ...load, or self-weight, which makes it economically inefficient as a structural material. In contrast, lightweight concrete, with its low density, offers advantages such as reduced dead loads and improved thermal insulation. This reduced density is achieved by partially replacing the coarse aggregate with pumice in the concrete mix. The investigation aimed to compare nominal concrete with lightweight concrete using grade M20. The lightweight concrete was created by replacing different proportions of the coarse aggregate with pumice, ranging from 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%. The objective of the work was to determine the compressive strength and split tensile strength of the lightweight concrete. The results were then compared with those of conventional concrete to identify the optimal percentage of replacement that provides better strength and meets the structural recommendations. The work aimed to explore the benefits of using lightweight concrete with pumice as a replacement material, assess its strength characteristics, and determine the most favorable replacement percentage for achieving improved strength and meeting structural requirements.
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