V zborniku Gemeinsamkeit auf getrennten Wegen s podnaslovom Die slowenischen Doktoranden der Grazer Philosophischen Fakultät im Zeitraum 1876–1918 und die Gründung der Universität in Ljubljana so ...zbrani prispevki o slovenskih doktorskih kandidatih Filozofske fakultete Univerze Karla in Franca v Gradcu v zadnjem obdobju obstoja donavske monarhije. Prispevki so plod raziskav v okviru projekta Zgodovina disertacij slovenskih kandidatov v Avstroogrski monarhiji, kjer so bili predhodno obravnavani že slovenski doktorandi Karlove univerze v Pragi in Univerze na Dunaju.
V jedrnem delu prispevka podajam integralni prevod Slovnice Dionizija Tračana s komentarji zahtevnejših oziroma manj jasnih mest v opombah, v spremni študiji pa pojasnjujem kontekst njenega nastanka, ...predstavljam njene posebnosti in razpravljam o grški slovničarski tradiciji, ki ji sodobno slovničarstvo med drugim dolguje skorajda celotno slovnično izrazje. Ponazoritvi tradicije prevajanja slovničnih izrazov služi tabela, ki ponazarja princip kalkiranja grških terminov v latinščino in dalje latinskih v slovenščino. S tem namenom in z namenom zveste ponazoritve izvornega slovničnega koncepta tudi v prevodu rabim uveljavljeno domače slovnično izrazje. Kadar je uveljavljeni izraz pomensko ali konceptualno oddaljen od izvirnega grškega izraza, tedaj le-tega po principu kalkiranja prevedem s pomensko bolj transparentnim, četudi v slovničarstvu neuveljavljenim ali zastarelim, domačim izrazom, mestoma celo z neologizmom.
Pričujoča razprava se osredinja na štiri morda najznačilnejše arhaizme s prajezično datacijo v arkadijskem glagolskem sistemu, izpričane na napisih IG 262 iz Mantineje (5. stol. pr. Kr.) in IG 343 iz ...Orhomena (4. stol. pr. Kr.). Arhaizmi so obravnavani z diahronega vidika s pomočjo primerjalne metode in metode rekonstrukcije. Cilj razprave je rekonstruirati podobo posameznega leksema oziroma segmenta na relevantnih predhistoričnih stopnjah (indoevropski prajezik, pragrščina, praarkadokiprščina oz. praarkadijščina), kadar je to mogoče, in predstaviti odnos posameznega arkadijskega arhaizma do inovativnih oblik, ki jih izpričuje večina preostalih starogrških narečij. Predmet obravnave so naslednji jezikovni pojavi, leksemi in segmenti: (1) ojevski vokalizem v primarnih medijalnih končnicah 3. os. sg. in pl. (ark. -τοι in -ντοι), (2) konjunktiv aktiva s sekundarnimi končnicami (na primeru ark. oblike κακρίνη), (3) osebilo 1. os. sg. akt. opt. prez. -οια (na primeru ark. oblike ἐξελαύνοια) in (4) AK. pl. f. akt. ptcp. prez. glagola biti (na primeru ark. oblike ἐάσας). V prilogah sta podani še za razpravo relevantni epigrafski besedili IG 262 in IG 343 v izvirniku in slovenskem prevodu.
Naloge za ostrenje mladega uma (lat. Propositiones ad acuendos iuvenes) nam nudijo vpogled v pouk aritmetike in geometrije v Alkvinovi šoli, pa tudi v drugih samostanskih in cerkvenih šolah širom po ...frankovski državi. Naloge, ki vsebujejo 56 problemov z rešitvami, so najstarejša zbirka problemov iz razvedrilne matematike v latinščini in tako tudi najstarejše pričevanje o rabi matematike v pedagoške namene v Evropi. Najstarejšo omembo Nalog najdemo v 75. pismu Alkvinove korespondence s Karlom Velikim, ki ga datirajo v leto 799 ali 800. V pismu lahko preberemo med drugim tudi odlomek, ki se glasi: »Misi excellentiae vestrae ... aliquas figuras arithmeticae subtilitatis, laetitiae causa.« (»Vaši visokosti sem v razvedrilo poslal ... nekaj oblik aritmetične ostrine.«) Omenjene figurae sicer žal niso vključene v pismo, vendar pa je zelo verjetno, da gre za zbirko Propositiones ad acuendos iuvenes, ki so se v večini rokopisov ohranile pod Alkvinovim imenom.
With only 43 described stygobionts and only two isopod species the obligate groundwater fauna of Iran, a vast country with over 10% of limestone surface, is inadequately known. Here, we report the ...discovery of
Asellus ismailsezarii
sp. nov. from Zagros mountains, the first eyeless and depigmented asellid isopod from Iran. The new species is morphologically similar to
Asellus monticola
Birstein, 1932, but it is eyeless and fully depigmented, has a slightly curved pereopod IV and does not bear any setae on proximal margins of exopodite of pleopods IV and V. Species phylogenetic relationships using original and datamined mitochondrial DNA and nuclear rDNA, and estimation of molecular divergences with other
Asellus
species, suggest that
A. ismailsezarii
sp. nov. is sister to a larger clade that also contains the European
A. aquaticus
species complex. Surface populations of
Asellus
have colonized groundwater at multiple occasions and localities, both in Europe and Asia, giving rise to species and subspecies that have evolved troglomorphisms, such as depigmentation and loss of eyes. Of the 37 formally described species and subspecies of
Asellus
, 15 are from groundwater, including
A. ismailsezarii
sp. nov. We predict that many more obligate groundwater
Asellus
taxa are yet to be discovered in Asia.
The research of the spider fauna of Slovenia dates back to the very beginning of binomial nomenclature, and has gone through more and less prolific phases with authors concentrating on taxonomy, ...faunistics, ecology and zoogeographic reviews. Although the body of published works is remarkable for a small nation, the faunistic data has remained too scattered for a thorough understanding of regional biotic diversity, for comparative and ecological research, and for informed conservation purposes. A national checklist is long overdue. Here, a critical review of all published records in any language is provided. The species list currently comprises 738 species, is published online at http://www.bioportal.si/katalog/araneae.php under the title Araneae Sloveniae, and will be updated in due course. This tool will fill the void in cataloguing regional spider faunas and will facilitate further araneological research in central and southern Europe.
The use of unique DNA sequences as a method for taxonomic identification is no longer fundamentally controversial, even though debate continues on the best markers, methods, and technology to use. ...Although both existing databanks such as GenBank and BOLD, as well as reference taxonomies, are imperfect, in best case scenarios "barcodes" (whether single or multiple, organelle or nuclear, loci) clearly are an increasingly fast and inexpensive method of identification, especially as compared to manual identification of unknowns by increasingly rare expert taxonomists. Because most species on Earth are undescribed, a complete reference database at the species level is impractical in the near term. The question therefore arises whether unidentified species can, using DNA barcodes, be accurately assigned to more inclusive groups such as genera and families-taxonomic ranks of putatively monophyletic groups for which the global inventory is more complete and stable. We used a carefully chosen test library of CO1 sequences from 49 families, 313 genera, and 816 species of spiders to assess the accuracy of genus and family-level assignment. We used BLAST queries of each sequence against the entire library and got the top ten hits. The percent sequence identity was reported from these hits (PIdent, range 75-100%). Accurate assignment of higher taxa (PIdent above which errors totaled less than 5%) occurred for genera at PIdent values >95 and families at PIdent values ≥ 91, suggesting these as heuristic thresholds for accurate generic and familial identifications in spiders. Accuracy of identification increases with numbers of species/genus and genera/family in the library; above five genera per family and fifteen species per genus all higher taxon assignments were correct. We propose that using percent sequence identity between conventional barcode sequences may be a feasible and reasonably accurate method to identify animals to family/genus. However, the quality of the underlying database impacts accuracy of results; many outliers in our dataset could be attributed to taxonomic and/or sequencing errors in BOLD and GenBank. It seems that an accurate and complete reference library of families and genera of life could provide accurate higher level taxonomic identifications cheaply and accessibly, within years rather than decades.
The research of the spider fauna of Slovenia dates back to the very beginning of binomial nomenclature, and has gone through more and less prolific phases with authors concentrating on taxonomy, ...faunistics, ecology and zoogeographic reviews. Although the body of published works is remarkable for a small nation, the faunistic data has remained too scattered for a thorough understanding of regional biotic diversity, for comparative and ecological research, and for informed conservation purposes. A national checklist is long overdue. Here, a critical review of all published records in any language is provided. The species list currently comprises 738 species, is published online at
http://www.bioportal.si/katalog/araneae.php
under the title
Araneae
Sloveniae, and will be updated in due course. This tool will fill the void in cataloguing regional spider faunas and will facilitate further araneological research in central and southern Europe.
Given the limited success of past and current conservation efforts, an alternative approach is to preserve tissues and genomes of targeted organisms in cryobanks to make them accessible for future ...generations. Our pilot preservation project aimed to obtain, expertly identify, and permanently preserve a quarter of the known spider species diversity shared between Slovenia and Switzerland, estimated at 275 species. We here report on the faunistic part of this project, which resulted in 324 species (227 in Slovenia, 143 in Switzerland) for which identification was reasonably established. This material is now preserved in cryobanks, is being processed for DNA barcoding, and is available for genomic studies.
The species classically grouped in the genus Zygiella F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1902 are thought to all possess a characteristic orb web feature – a spiral-free sector in the upper part of the orb. ...Zygiella s.l. has recently been split into four genera, Zygiella s.s., LeviellusWunderlich 2004, ParazygiellaWunderlich 2004 and StroemiellusWunderlich 2004, and proposed to belong to family Zygiellidae, rather than the classical Araneidae. To find orb web features that could potentially diagnose these species and/or genera, we investigated female web architectures of L. thorelli, P. montana, S. stroemi, Z. keyserlingi and Z. x-notata. We investigated a total of 278 female webs and compared 16 characters emphasizing web size, web and hub asymmetry, as well as radial and spiral counts. The free sector may be present in all species but its prevalence in female webs varied from 41% in Z. keyserlingi to 94% in P. montana. Various combinations of web architecture characters may diagnose those species that in our sample represented all four genera: Zygiella s.s. may be diagnosed by the median number of non-circulating sticky spirals below hub, Stroemiellus by the small web size with small mesh width and the non-circulating spirals above hub, Parazygiella by few primary radii and sticky spirals, and Leviellus by a pronounced vertical hub displacement. This suite of diagnostic features may provide preliminary support for the current taxonomy of Zygiella s.l., although the ultimate test, i.e., a phylogeny, is needed to test the validity of the genera. Seven out of 16 web characters are potentially phylogenetically informative because they show a statistically significant shared variation among species. Our study, which pioneers the quantification of web data to distinguish species, implies that the interspecific variation in webs may turn out to reflect phylogenetic relationships among Zygiella s.l.
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