Široki pravni okvir propisanih kažnjivih ponašanja fizičkih i pravnih osoba tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19, prouzročene virusom SARS-CoV-2, omogućuje kažnjavanje sankcijama različite pravne ...prirode. U radu se razgraničavaju moguća kažnjiva ponašanja fizičkih i pravnih osoba u kontekstu pandemije između kaznenog, prekršajnog i upravnog prava. Autori najprije analiziraju odgovornost za kaznena djela širenja i prenošenja zarazne bolesti te krivotvorenja lijekova ili medicinskih proizvoda. Posebno se naglašava problem eventualne odgovornosti liječnika i drugih zdravstvenih djelatnika i zdravstvenih ustanova za nemogućnost pristupa zdravstvenim uslugama kao i njihovu odgovornost u vezi s prevencijom, dijagnosticiranjem i liječenjem građana. Zaključno, autori analiziraju široki spektar prekršajne odgovornosti i upravnopravnih mehanizama prisilnog izvršenja novčanih kazni.
The wide legal framework of prescribed criminal behavior of natural persons and legal entities during the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has made possible punishment with sanctions of a various legal nature. In this paper, possible punishable behavior of natural persons and legal entities are categorized within the context of the pandemic into criminal, misdemeanor, and administrative law. The authors firstly analyze liability for criminal acts of spreading and transmitting infectious diseases as well as fraudulent medicines and medical products. In particular, there is the problem of eventual liability of physicians and other healthcare workers and healthcare institutions for making access to other healthcare services impossible. This includes their liability towards citizens in the areas of prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Finally, the authors analyze a wide spectrum of misdemeanor liability and administrative mechanisms of forced execution of monetary fines.
The authors present the most controversial theoretical and practical problems in the field of sexual criminal offences in the Criminal Code in force, and follow this with the presentation of ...amendments according to the Draft Proposal of the Working Group for the Drafting of the new Criminal Code. Despite the significant changes in the Croatian criminal legislation already made, the Council of Europe's recommendations, the judgments of the ECtHR, Convention law and other international documents require constant harmonisation in the regulation of this subject matter by criminal law. As well as providing an overview of the significant changes made, the authors at the same time explain the reasons for the radical change, primarily of the concept of the basic criminal offence in this Chapter, the criminal offence of rape, and the reasons for the introduction of some new offences of sexual harassment and mutilation of female sexual organs. Here, the authors do not fail to emphasise in which fields these changes expand the scope of punishment, which makes such changes fit for further discussion. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
This article is based on a comparative review of the systems of prescribing, imposing and executing fines in European and Anglo-American penal law systems. Among European countries, the fine is ...analysed in the penal law systems of Slovenia, Germany, Austria, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Finland and Sweden, and also in the Anglo-American penal law systems of California and Florida. Besides the basic models for the setting of fines in general, the article also considers some of the particularities which are prescribed and applied in each of the countries covered in this study. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Rad za opće dobro općeprihvaćena je alternativna sankcija koja omogućava realizaciju svih svrha kažnjavanja s naglašenom reparatornom i reintegracijskom funkcijom. Istodobno riječ je o zahtjevnoj ...sankciji koja zahtijeva znatan angažman probacijske službe u organizaciji izvršenja kao i u nadzoru nad njegovom provedbom, koju stoga treba izricati racionalno. Autorice u radu prikazuju najznačajnije novine u materijalnim i izvršnim propisima koji reguliraju rad za opće dobro i njihov utjecaj na primjenu spomenute alternativne sankcije. Unatoč zakonskoj mogućnosti da se radom za opće dobro zamjenjuje i novčana kazna, autorice upozoravaju na intenciju zakonodavca da se njime ponajprije zamjenjuju kazne zatvora do godine dana, koje bi pak trebale biti iznimka s obzirom na široke mogućnosti izricanja novčane kazne i njezino isticanje kao stožerne kaznenopravne sankcije.
Autorice se u radu bave donošenjem dvaju novih zakonskih tekstova
koji uređuju važne institute kaznenog prava: pravne posljedice osude,rehabilitaciju, pomilovanje i kaznenu evidenciju, pa prikazuju u ...bitnome što se novim zakonima uređuje te koje su promjene u odnosu prema sadašnjem stanju u vezi s tim institutima. Posebnu pozornost posvećuju novom Zakonu o pravnim posljedicama osude, kaznenoj evidenciji i rehabilitaciji, koji će svojim uređenjima riješiti neke nejasnoće koje su postojale u pozitivnom pravu te implementirati određene obveze koje je Republika Hrvatska preuzela radi usklađenja svojeg zakonodavstva s pravnom stečevinom Europske unije, ali će istodobno i otvoriti mnogobrojna
pitanja. Autorice naglašavaju da su, s obzirom na to da je propisivanje vrsta i uvjeta pravnih posljedica osude ostavljeno posebnom zakonodavstvu, otvorena pitanja pravne sigurnosti. Također, analiziraju se i propisani uvjeti kojima se znatno proširuje krug ovlaštenika za dobivanje podataka iz kaznene evidencije, produženi rokovi za rehabilitaciju, dok je posebno obrađena materija popisa počinitelja seksualnih kaznenih djela na štetu djece kao aktualna problematika potrebe i opravdanosti uvođenja registra počinitelja seksualnih delikata na štetu djece ili kolokvijalno nazvanog „registra pedofi la“. Autorice u radu analiziraju i novosti koje se predlažu novim Zakonom o pomilovanju, posebice one usmjerene smislenom i opravdanom ograničenju ustavne prerogative predsjednika Republike, te unapređivanju dinamike samog
postupka pomilovanja.
Data on river discharge is an important hydrological factor for river and coastal planning and management, control of water resources, and environment conservation. However, it is difficult to ...measure crosssectional mean water velocity in complex flows such as tidal estuaries or during extreme hydrologic events such as floods. In this study, water discharge in a shallow tidal channel had been continuously measured using a new fluvial acoustic tomography system. In addition to measuring water discharge, mean water temperature and salinity were deduced from processing the sound speed data collected by the fluvial acoustic tomography system. The system was installed at a shallow tidal channel where water depth and salinity change significantly. It was found that the acoustic tomography system could successfully measure the cross-sectional mean velocity over a long duration.
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