The hydrogen exosphere constitutes the uppermost atmospheric layer of the Earth, and its shape may reflect the last stage of the atmospheric escape process. The distribution of hydrogen in the outer ...exosphere remains unobserved because outer geocoronal emissions are difficult to observe from within the exosphere. In this study, we used the Lyman Alpha Imaging Camera on board the Proximate Object Close Flyby with Optical Navigation spacecraft, located outside the exosphere, to obtain the first image of the entire geocorona that extends to more than 38 Earth radii. The observed emission intensity distribution can be reproduced using our analytical model that has three parameters: exobase temperature, exobase density, and solar radiation pressure, which implies that hot hydrogen production in the magnetized plasmasphere is not the dominant process shaping the outer hydrogen exosphere. However, the role of the magnetic effect in determining the total escape flux cannot be ruled out.
Plain Language Summary
In this report, we show the first high‐quality, and wide‐field‐of‐view (FOV) image of Earth's hydrogen corona of 100 Earth radii (RE) obtained by the first interplanetary microspacecraft. Because hydrogen geocorona has not been observed since Apollo 16 in 1972, which observed only up to 10 RE of FOV. The field of view of our observation is ~10 times wider than that in past. Furthermore, since the advancement in deep UV detection technology in the last four decades is very large, the improvement in data quality is very large. In fact, our newly obtained data strongly support a different picture for geocorona distribution. More specifically, we found that the observed ecliptic north‐south symmetrical distribution can be reproduced by a simple analytic model and is not consistent with past results. Our result strongly suggests a combination between a compact science instrument and a flexible interplanetary microspacecraft allows us to measure important scientific observables not readily accessible with conventional large‐scale spacecraft missions.
Key Points
The first image of the outer hydrogen geocorona at <16 RE shows ecliptic north‐south symmetry
We reproduced the observed spatial distribution using a model with neither a magnetic effect nor a satellite component
Substantial contribution of the magnetic effect to the escape flux cannot be ruled out
Day by day, the health and economical burden of cancer increases globally. Indeed it can be considered that there is ‘’cancer pandemic’’. Blocking the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by ...angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB) are widely used measures to treat hypertension and heart failure. It has been recently suggested the activation and blocking of RAS has been associated with various types of cancer in epidemiological and experimental studies. Various studies have shown that RAS blockage is protective in some cancers. However, although fewer, contradictory data also showed that RAS blockage is either not related or adversely related to cancer. Although the reasons for these findings are not exactly known, different types of receptors and effectors in RAS may account for these findings. In the current review, we summarize the different RAS receptors and cancer development with regard to epidemiology, and pathogenesis including cell signaling pathways, apoptosis, genetic and epigenetic factors.
Objective
The language currently used to describe gout lacks standardization. The aim of this project was to develop a consensus statement on the labels and definitions used to describe the basic ...disease elements of gout.
Methods
Experts in gout (n = 130) were invited to participate in a Delphi exercise and face‐to‐face consensus meeting to reach consensus on the labeling and definitions for the basic disease elements of gout. Disease elements and labels in current use were derived from a content analysis of the contemporary medical literature, and the results of this analysis were used for item selection in the Delphi exercise and face‐to‐face consensus meeting.
Results
There were 51 respondents to the Delphi exercise and 30 attendees at the face‐to‐face meeting. Consensus agreement (≥80%) was achieved for the labels of 8 disease elements through the Delphi exercise; the remaining 3 labels reached consensus agreement through the face‐to‐face consensus meeting. The agreed labels were monosodium urate crystals, urate, hyperuric(a)emia, tophus, subcutaneous tophus, gout flare, intercritical gout, chronic gouty arthritis, imaging evidence of monosodium urate crystal deposition, gouty bone erosion, and podagra. Participants at the face‐to‐face meeting achieved consensus agreement for the definitions of all 11 elements and a recommendation that the label “chronic gout” should not be used.
Conclusion
Consensus agreement was achieved for the labels and definitions of 11 elements representing the fundamental components of gout etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation. The Gout, Hyperuricemia, and Crystal‐Associated Disease Network recommends the use of these labels when describing the basic disease elements of gout.
1. Sperm are exposed to severe osmotic stress during cryopreservation, which results in impairment of fertilisation ability, including motility and viability, in poultry. Sperm osmotolerance is ...regulated by many extracellular factors and varies widely in birds, leading to uncertainty in the nature of the osmotic injury.
2. Tail bending is a primary response resulting from cell swelling from excessive osmotic stress. However, the underlying mechanism responsible for tail bending is largely unknown. This study examined the relationship between osmotic stress and post-thaw motility, with a particular focus on the role of Na
+
/K
+
ATPase (NKA) in the tail bending response.
3. Cryopreserved sperm exhibited rapidly reduced motility when maintained at 37°C. The combination of temperature change and osmotic stress was a primary factor responsible for tail bending. This work tested a hypothesis known to be associated with post-thaw tail abnormality in other species and found that cold shock, that is not accompanied by an apoptotic response, may occur. Ouabain inhibition of Na
+
/K
+
ATPase activity alleviated the tail bending response in fresh and post-thaw sperm.
4. These results demonstrated that the combination of temperature change and osmotic stress has a primary impact on the reduction of post-thaw motility, with a particular role in NKA activity, in the tail bending response of chicken sperm. These results provide a foundation for establishing cryopreservation methodology to ensure the optimal fertilisation potential of cryopreserved chicken sperm.
We have recently demonstrated that palmitoleic acid (16:1n7) increases lipolysis, glucose uptake and glucose utilization for energy production in white adipose cells. In the present study, we tested ...the hypothesis that palmitoleic acid modulates bioenergetic activity in white adipocytes.
For this, 3 T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were differentiated into mature adipocytes in the presence (or absence) of palmitic (16:0) or palmitoleic (16:1n7) acid at 100 or 200 μM. The following parameters were evaluated: lipolysis, lipogenesis, fatty acid (FA) oxidation, ATP content, oxygen consumption, mitochondrial mass, citrate synthase activity and protein content of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes.
Treatment with 16:1n7 during 9 days raised basal and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis, FA incorporation into triacylglycerol (TAG), FA oxidation, oxygen consumption, protein expression of subunits representing OXPHOS complex II, III, and V and intracellular ATP content. These effects were not observed in adipocytes treated with 16:0.
Palmitoleic acid, by concerted action on lipolysis, FA esterification, mitochondrial FA oxidation, oxygen consumption and ATP content, does enhance white adipocyte energy expenditure and may act as local hormone.
The geocoronal responses to the geomagnetic disturbances Kuwabara, M.; Yoshioka, K.; Murakami, G. ...
Journal of geophysical research. Space physics,
January 2017, 2017-01-00, 20170101, Letnik:
122, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Atomic hydrogen atoms in the terrestrial exosphere resonantly scatter solar Lyman alpha (121.6 nm) radiation, observed as the hydrogen geocorona. Measurements of scattered solar photons allow us to ...probe time‐varying distributions of exospheric hydrogen atoms. The Hisaki satellite with the extreme ultraviolet spectrometer (EXtreme ultraviolet spectrosCope for ExosphEric Dynamics: EXCEED) was launched in September 2013. EXCEED acquires spectral images (52–148 nm) of the atmospheres/magnetospheres of planets from Earth orbit. Due to its low orbital altitude (~1000 km), the images taken by the instrument also contain the geocoronal emissions. In this context, EXCEED has provided quasi‐continuous remote sensing observations of the geocorona with high temporal resolution (~1 min) since 2013. These observations provide a unique database to determine the long‐term behavior of the exospheric density structure. In this paper, we report exospheric structural responses observed by EXCEED to geomagnetic disturbances. Several geomagnetic storms with decreases of Dst index occurred in February 2014 and the Lyman alpha column brightness on the night side of the Earth increased abruptly and temporarily by approximately 10%. Hisaki reveal that the time lag between the peaks of the magnetic activity and the changes in the Lyman alpha column brightness is found to be about 2 to 6 h during storms. In order to interpret the observational results, we evaluate quantitatively the factors causing the increase. On the basis of these results, a coupling effect via charge exchange between the exosphere and plasmasphere causes variations of the exospheric density structure.
Key Points
Hisaki provides a unique database to determine the long‐term behavior of the exospheric density structure
Quasi‐continuous observation with high temporal resolution revealed the geocoronal response to the geomagnetic variation take 2 to 6 h
The increase of exospheric hydrogen density during a geomagnetic storm is caused by the suppression of the charge exchange
The Io plasma torus, situated in the Jovian inner magnetosphere (6–8 Jovian radii from the planet) is filled with heavy ions and electrons, a large part of which are derived from Io's volcanos. The ...torus is the key area connecting the primary source of plasma (Io) with the midmagnetosphere (>10 Jovian radii), where highly dynamic phenomena are taking place. Revealing the plasma behavior of the torus is a key factor in elucidating Jovian magnetospheric dynamics. A global picture of the Io plasma torus can be obtained via spectral diagnosis of remotely sensed ion emissions generated via electron impact excitation. Hisaki, an Earth‐orbiting spacecraft equipped with an extreme ultraviolet spectrograph Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscope for Exospheric Dynamics, has observed the torus at moderate spectral resolution. The data have been submitted to spectral analysis and physical chemistry modeling under the assumption of axial symmetry. Results from the investigation are radial profiles of several important parameters including electron density and temperature as well as ion abundances. The inward transport timescale of midmagnetospheric plasma is obtained to be 2–40 h from the derived radial profile for the abundance of suprathermal electrons. The physical chemistry modeling results in a timescale for the outward transport of Io‐derived plasma of around 30 days. The ratio between inward and outward plasma speed (~1%) is consistent with the occurrence rate of depleted flux tubes determined using in situ observations by instruments on the Galileo spacecraft.
Key Points
Hisaki enables EUV spectral diagnosis of the Io torus for both S and O ions by eliminating the geocoronal contamination
Radial profiles are derived for the density of electrons and various ion species, plus electron temperature
Timescales of inward and outward plasma transport are estimated to be 2–40 h and 30 days, respectively
To examine the association between wine consumption and the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
We performed a cross-sectional logistic regression analysis of ...National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in participants 21 years of age or older from 2003 to 2006 in a large representative study of the U.S. population. Wine consumption was categorized as none (0 glass per day), light (<1 glass per day), or moderate (≥1 glasses per day). Prevalent CKD was defined as a urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥30 mg/g or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. CVD was defined as history of CVD including angina, myocardial infarction, or stroke.
Only 27 (0.5%) individuals reported moderate wine consumption, whereas 57.5% and 42% reported abstinence and light wine consumption, respectively. Light wine consumption was associated with a lower prevalence of CKD as opposed to abstinence in unadjusted analysis. After adjusting for demographics and CVD risk factors light wine consumption was associated with lower prevalence of CKD defined as UACR ≥30 mg/g but not with low eGFR. Furthermore, light wine consumption was associated with significantly lower rates of CVD in the general population and in subjects with CKD. The adjusted odd of CVD for those with light wine consumption was 0.72 (CI 0.52–0.99, p = 0.046) for the subjects with CKD.
These data suggest that light wine consumption (compared to abstinence) is associated with lower prevalence of CKD and a lower odd of CVD in those with CKD in the U.S. population.
•Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a large representative sample of the U.S. population.•Evaluation of the association between light wine consumption and CVD and CKD.•Light wine consumption is associated with a lower prevalence of CKD.•Light wine consumption is associated with a lower odd of CVD in those with CKD.
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