The peer-to-peer model and the bandwidth availability are fostering the creation of new distributed file systems. However, files belonging to local application and distributed applications are ...usually handled in the same way by the local file system, so both contribute equally to consume storage space. This paper presents a peer-to-peer distributed file system which uses the ldquotransparent filerdquo concept to improve its fault tolerance and file availability. Files are kept as transparent/volatile replicas, using the free space available in each local file system. When a replica is invalidated, peers cooperate to restore it. The proposed architecture was implemented and tested; experiments showed its feasibility, and that its costs are proportional to the size of files being replicated. The occurrence of multiple simultaneous replica invalidations did not impose a significant overhead.
The essential amino acid (EAA) composition of the whole empty body of South African Mutton Merino ram lambs fed a standard diet was investigated. The standard diet consisted (%) of 30 lucerne, 8 ...wheat straw, 56.25 maize meal, 3.5 molasses meal, 1 urea, 0.5 salt and 0.75 ammonium chloride. Twenty lambs were randomly allocated to four pre-assigned average target slaughter weights (30, 35, 40 and 45 kg live weight): The EAA composition of the carcass, blood, head and feet, skin & wool, liver, lungs, kidneys, heart, spleen, testis, digesta-free gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and whole empty body was determined. The composition of the whole empty body remained similar regardless of slaughter weight. The concentration of the following EAAs increased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing live weight (30, 35, 40 and 45 kg): head & feet valine (3.87a, 5.56ab, 5.68ab, 6.70b), spleen phenylalanine (4.96a, 5.00a, 5.07ab, 5.56b) and valine (5.31a, 5.50ab, 5.69ab, 6.03b) as well as GIT phenylalanine (5.00a, 6.50a, 11.10a, 18.78b). The amino acid composition of the carcass, skin and wool, and GIT plays a predominant role in regression equations used to predict the whole empty body EAA composition. The whole empty body EAA composition (g AA/100 g crude protein) was as follows: 7.72 arginine; 4.54 histidine; 3.06 isoleucine; 8.53 leucine; 6.46 lysine; 3.56 methionine; 5.22 phenylalanine; 4.65 threonine and 5.18 valine. This composition can serve as an example of the ideal EAA requirements for whole empty body growth between 30 and 45 kg live weight of South African Mutton Merino ram lambs.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Prävalenz von Zahnschmerzen in der Bevölkerung ist beachtlich. Bislang publizierte Klassifikationen der Odontalgien erscheinen jedoch für klinische Belange nicht ...ausreichend strukturiert. Zudem finden nicht alle bekannten Zahnschmerzformen Berücksichtigung. Ziel dieser Abhandlung ist die Vorstellung einer verfeinerten und aktuellem Wissen genügenden Einteilung der Odontalgien und die Zusammenfassung ihrer jeweiligen Merkmale zum Zweck einer raschen Diagnosestellung.
Ergebnisse
Die erarbeitete Klassifikation unterscheidet 7 Schmerzformen: 1. “Dentin-Schmerz“ (ausgehend vom Pulpagewebe), 2. “Pulpa-Schmerz“ (ausgehend vom Pulpagewebe), 3. parodontaler Schmerz, 4. alveolär-ossärer Schmerz, 5. atypische Odontalgie, 6. in die Zähne übertragener (heterotoper) Schmerz, 7. Zahnschmerz in Zusammenhang mit primär psychosozialen Faktoren.
Schlussfolgerungen
Die vorgeschlagene Klassifikation erscheint geeignet, die verschiedenen Formen der Odontalgien differenzierter darzustellen, als dies mit den bisherigen Einteilungen der Fall war. Ihre Brauchbarkeit bzw. Überlegenheit gegenüber anderen Klassifikationen wird sich im klinischen Alltag erweisen müssen.
Toothache prevalence in the overall population is considerable. However, for clinical purposes, the classification schemes available do not appear to be sufficiently sophisticated. Moreover, not all ...known forms of dental pain are considered. A refined classification that meets current standards is therefore introduced. To facilitate diagnosis, the characteristic features of the various types of odontalgia are summarized.
The new classification differentiates among seven different origins of pain: 1. dentinal pain (originating from the pulpal tissues), 2. pulpal pain (originating from the pulpal tissues), 3. periodontal pain, 4. alveolar-osseous pain, 5. atypical odontalgia, 6. heterotopic dental pain, 7. odontalgia associated with primary psychosocial factors.
In our opinion, the proposed classification differentiates among the different forms of odontalgia more precisely than all previous ones. However, its viability and advantages over other available classification schemes still need to be verified in daily practice.
Interannual variation of forage quantity and quality driven by precipitation events influence beef livestock production systems within the Southern and Northern Plains and Pacific West, which ...combined represent 60% (approximately 17.5 million) of the total beef cows in the United States. The beef cattle requirements published by the NRC are an important tool and excellent resource for both professionals and producers to use when implementing feeding practices and nutritional programs within the various production systems. The objectives of this paper include evaluation of the 1996 Beef NRC model in terms of effectiveness in predicting extensive range beef cow performance within arid and semiarid environments using available data sets, identifying model inefficiencies that could be refined to improve the precision of predicting protein supply and demand for range beef cows, and last, providing recommendations for future areas of research. An important addition to the current Beef NRC model would be to allow users to provide region-specific forage characteristics and the ability to describe supplement composition, amount, and delivery frequency. Beef NRC models would then need to be modified to account for the N recycling that occurs throughout a supplementation interval and the impact that this would have on microbial efficiency and microbial protein supply. The Beef NRC should also consider the role of ruminal and postruminal supply and demand of specific limiting AA. Additional considerations should include the partitioning effects of nitrogenous compounds under different physiological production stages (e.g., lactation, pregnancy, and periods of BW loss). The intent of information provided is to aid revision of the Beef NRC by providing supporting material for changes and identifying gaps in existing scientific literature where future research is needed to enhance the predictive precision and application of the Beef NRC models.
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