This paper reviews evidence on teachers’ resilience (TR) and wellbeing (TWB) on foreign language teaching enjoyment (FLTE). This review improves the understanding of the multi-dimensional, dynamic ...and context-dependent structural attributes of TR and TWB, as well as the relationship between them and the FLTE. The literature review verifies the positive effects of teachers’ positive optimism, self-efficacy, positive teacher-student relationship, teacher support and pro-social dynamic classroom environment on TR and TWB under person-context interaction, and also confirms that TR and TWB have predictive effect and significant impact on personal enjoyment, social enjoyment and student appreciation of FLTE three-factor structure. Some important findings from the review verifies the important role of teachers’ social enjoyment in the three-factor structure and the dominant role of prosocial situational characteristics in predicting FLTE. This paper finally explains its pedagogical significance and provides some suggestions for expanding the research on antecedent variables related to FLTE.
Rice blast caused by the phytopathogen
poses a serious threat to global food security and is difficult to control.
species have been extensively explored for the biological control of many fungal ...diseases. In the present study, the marine bacterium
BS155 showed a strong antifungal activity against
The active metabolites were isolated and identified as cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) of the fengycin family, named fengycin BS155, by the combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Analyses using scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that fengycin BS155 caused morphological changes in the plasma membrane and cell wall of
hyphae. Using comparative proteomic and biochemical assays, fengycin BS155 was demonstrated to reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), induce bursts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and downregulate the expression level of ROS-scavenging enzymes. Simultaneously, fengycin BS155 caused chromatin condensation in fungal hyphal cells, which led to the upregulation of DNA repair-related protein expression and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Altogether, our results indicate that fengycin BS155 acts by inducing membrane damage and dysfunction of organelles, disrupting MMP, oxidative stress, and chromatin condensation, resulting in
hyphal cell death. Therefore, fengycin BS155 and its parent bacterium are very promising candidates for the biological control of
and the associated rice blast and should be further investigated as such.
Rice (
L.) is the most important crop and a primary food source for more than half of the world's population. Notably, scientists in China have developed several types of rice that can be grown in seawater, avoiding the use of precious freshwater resources and potentially creating enough food for 200 million people. The plant-affecting fungus
is the causal agent of rice blast disease, and biological rather than chemical control of this threatening disease is highly desirable. In this work, we discovered fengycin BS155, a cyclic lipopeptide material produced by the marine bacterium
BS155, which showed strong activity against
Our results elucidate the mechanism of fengycin BS155-mediated
growth inhibition and highlight the potential of
BS155 as a biocontrol agent against
in rice cultivation under both fresh- and saltwater conditions.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are attracting much attention due to their high energy densities. However, Li-S batteries often suffer from low Coulombic efficiency, severe degradation of cyclic ...capacity, and low utilization of active sulfur material because of the low electrical conductivity of sulfur and the severe shuttle effect. To solve these issues, various nanostructured carbon-based materials have been developed to serve as the sulfur host materials, modify separators and protect lithium (Li) anode due to their good conductivity, large surface area, and electrochemical stability. In this review, a brief introduction of electrochemical principles and prospects of the Li-S batteries are discussed firstly. Then the recent achievements and challenges of nanostructured carbon-based materials in Li-S batteries are summarized. The nanostructured carbon-based materials focus on active carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene and their composites. The role of these carbon-based materials in Li-S batteries emphasize on the design of sulfur host materials, the modification of functional separators as well as the protection of the Li anode. Furthermore, various flexible Li-S batteries based on freestanding nanostructured carbon/sulfur electrodes are also presented. Finally, the further developments and prospects in this field are also discussed.
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With the evolution of biometric technology, this research embarks on a multidimensional exploration, encompassing design innovation, ethical scrutiny, and the application of advanced optimization ...techniques. The core objective is to redefine elemental packaging design through the lens of machine vision cognition into the ethical and social implications inherent in biomedical biometrics. With the integration of Hidden Markov Probabilistic Swarm Optimization (HMPSO) to amplify the capabilities of biometric systems. At the forefront of this study is the reimagination of elemental packaging design, characterized by aesthetics, ergonomics, and functionality. The infusion of machine vision cognition into these designs not only enhances user experience but also prompts contemplation of ethical considerations surrounding privacy, accessibility, and informed consent. Ethical and social implications are scrutinized comprehensively, acknowledging the profound impact of biometrics on individual rights, security, and privacy. The research probes into equitable access to biometric technologies, ethical data utilization in healthcare, identity verification, and surveillance contexts. Central to this multidisciplinary inquiry is the integration of Hidden Markov Probabilistic Swarm Optimization (HMPSO). With swarm intelligence and probabilistic modeling, HMPSO enhances the efficiency, accuracy, and reliability of biomedical biometric systems. It addresses the critical challenge of reducing false positives and false negatives in biometric authentication. The research methodology comprises performance evaluations, ethical analyses, and socio-cultural investigations, offering a comprehensive view of the interplay between design innovation, machine vision cognition, ethical awareness, and the application of HMPSO in the biomedical biometrics.
Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries are promising energy storage devices due to their high safety and low cost. However, they remain in their infancy because of the limited choice of positive ...electrodes with high capacity and satisfactory cycling performance. Furthermore, their energy storage mechanisms are not well established yet. Here we report a highly reversible zinc/sodium vanadate system, where sodium vanadate hydrate nanobelts serve as positive electrode and zinc sulfate aqueous solution with sodium sulfate additive is used as electrolyte. Different from conventional energy release/storage in zinc-ion batteries with only zinc-ion insertion/extraction, zinc/sodium vanadate hydrate batteries possess a simultaneous proton, and zinc-ion insertion/extraction process that is mainly responsible for their excellent performance, such as a high reversible capacity of 380 mAh g
and capacity retention of 82% over 1000 cycles. Moreover, the quasi-solid-state zinc/sodium vanadate hydrate battery is also a good candidate for flexible energy storage device.
Microplastic pollution of intertidal mangrove ecosystems is receiving growing attention, and scientists suspect that the microplastic pollution of semi-enclosed seas is significantly different from ...that of other coastal types because of their unique geographical features. However, data on the distributions and characteristics of microplastics in the mangrove sediment of semi-enclosed seas are very limited. This study selected the Maowei Sea, a typical semi-enclosed sea, as its representative study site. The analysis revealed that the microplastic abundances in the river estuaries were much lower than those at the oceanic entrance zones, with values ranging from 520 ± 8 to 940 ± 17 items/kg. Polyethylene (PE)/polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS), white/transparent, and <1 mm were the dominant type, colour, and size of the microplastics, respectively, in the observed mangrove sediments. Moreover, some other factors, including the rhizosphere/non-rhizosphere and the proportion of organic matter, codetermined the distribution and characteristics of microplastics. Specifically: (1) the percentage of colorful microplastics were higher in the rhizosphere due to the microbial activities and (2) positive linear relationships were found between the pore volume (PV) values of the free particulate organic matter (FPOM), occluded particulate organic matter (OPOM) (1.6–2.0 g/cm3 and >2.0 g/cm3), and the abundance of very small microplastics (<1 mm).
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•Microplastics were first detected in the mangrove sediment of the semi-enclosed sea.•Factors determining microplastic contents in estuaries and entrances differed.•Pore structure influenced the microplastic content in mangrove sediment.•Microbial activity in rhizosphere accelerated the microplastics' colour changes.
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•Potential LST driving factors are explored in a multidirectional perspective.•Polycentrism is introduced from the perspective of spatial configuration.•Three types of city centers ...pose varied UHI characteristics.•LST driving laws in different city centers of polycentric city is identified.•Multiple driving factors have bilinear or nonlinear interactions among them.
Revealing the dominant driving factors of land surface temperature (LST) plays an important role in mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Numerous international metropolises are developing polycentric forms under the process of suburbanization in conjunction with rapid urbanization, generating new UHI spatial patterns in internal urban areas. To comprehensively understand the effects of multi-factors on the thermal environment, our study examined a typical polycentric city, Tianjin. According to the concept of polycentrism, this study focused on three types of city “centers”: major city core, new district core and industrial park. Eleven potential driving factors of LST were explored from four layers, and the geo-detector model was applied to rank the explanatory degree of these factors on LST. Three different city centers of the polycentric city showed varied UHI spatial pattern characteristics, and their response to the effect of natural factors and social factors on LST were quite diverse. Heat island areas were distributed homogeneously in the major city core; the UHI pattern on the east-west axis was unbalanced in the new district core due to the unsaturated urban space and dynamic planning policies; in industrial park, production areas were segregated by green belts with clear boundaries. For the whole city and the major city core, the imperviousness factor had the highest explanatory rate for LST, followed by the greenness factor. In contrast to the results of previous studies, the wetness factors had a greater impact on LST in the new district core and industrial park, second only to the greenness factor. Furthermore, selected factors exhibited bilinear or nonlinear enhanced relationships in their interactions. The driving laws of LST in different city centers were summarized with an explorative case study, aimed at providing theoretical basis and practical guidance for optimizing urban thermal environment planning, especially for highly urbanized polycentric cities.
Rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are promising energy‐storage devices owing to their low cost and high safety. However, their energy‐storage mechanisms are complex and not well ...established. Recent energy‐storage mechanisms of ZIBs usually depend on cationic redox processes. Anionic redox processes have not been observed owing to the limitations of cathodes and electrolytes. Herein, we describe highly reversible aqueous ZIBs based on layered VOPO4 cathodes and a water‐in‐salt electrolyte. Such batteries display reversible oxygen redox chemistry in a high‐voltage region. The oxygen redox process not only provides about 27 % additional capacity, but also increases the average operating voltage to around 1.56 V, thus increasing the energy density by approximately 36 %. Furthermore, the oxygen redox process promotes the reversible crystal‐structure evolution of VOPO4 during charge/discharge processes, thus resulting in enhanced rate capability and cycling performance.
Rezinking zinc batteries: Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries based on VOPO4 cathodes and a water‐in‐salt electrolyte displayed highly reversible oxygen redox chemistry at high voltages (see graph). The oxygen redox process not only led to increased capacity and a higher average operating voltage of the Zn/VOPO4 batteries, but also improved rate capability and cycling performance.
Fishery activities are an important source of microplastic pollution in coastal areas but have received little attention. The Beibu Gulf, a traditional fishing ground of China and the China-Indo ...Peninsula, was selected in this study, and the focus was on the impacts of fishery activities on the horizontal distribution of microplastics in sediment. The results showed that the dominant contaminants (polypropylene fibers and polyethylene fibers) might originate from the abrasion of fishing gear and contributed to 61.6% of the total abundance of microplastics in surface sediment. The abundance of polypropylene fibers and polyethylene fibers exhibited a strong correlation (R 2 = 0.8586, p = 0.015) with values of fishery yields of different districts, which highlighted the effects of different fishery activities on microplastic contamination in marine sediment. Microplastics could be “hidden” in deep sediment to a depth of 60 cm. The estimated storage of microplastics in deep sediment (185 tons) was 5 times that in surface sediment. The assessment of microplastic storage worldwide might be underestimated because most previous studies only examined surface sediment. The abundance distribution and size distribution of microplastics in the sediment core suggested long-term burial of microplastics in deep sediment. Bioturbation might be responsible for the vertical transport of microplastics, leading to “fresh microplastics” preservation in “old sediment”.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have arousing interest because of their high theoretical energy density. However, they often suffer from sluggish conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPS) during the ...charge/discharge process. Single nickel (Ni) atoms on nitrogen‐doped graphene (Ni@NG) with Ni–N4 structure are prepared and introduced to modify the separators of Li–S batteries. The oxidized Ni sites of the Ni–N4 structure act as polysulfide traps, efficiently accommodating polysulfide ion electrons by forming strong Sx
2−⋅⋅⋅NiN bonding. Additionally, charge transfer between the LiPS and oxidized Ni sites endows the LiPS on Ni@NG with low free energy and decomposition energy barrier in an electrochemical process, accelerating the kinetic conversion of LiPS during the charge/discharge process. Furthermore, the large binding energy of LiPS on Ni@NG also shows its ability to immobilize the LiPS and further suppresses the undesirable shuttle effect. Therefore, a Li–S battery based on a Ni@NG modified separator exhibits excellent rate performance and stable cycling life with only 0.06% capacity decay per cycle. It affords fresh insights for developing single‐atom catalysts to accelerate the kinetic conversion of LiPS for highly stable Li–S batteries.
Single Ni atoms on nitrogen‐doped graphene with a unique Ni–N4 structure are used to modify the separator of a lithium–sulfur battery to improve its electrochemical performance. The oxidized Ni state of the Ni–N4 structure not only serves as an active site for immobilizing lithium polysulfides, but also accelerates their kinetic conversion via electrocatalysis.
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