Biofouling on heat exchange devices can decrease heat transfer efficiency, corrode materials, and even lead safety accidents. Most heat exchange devices are made of carbon steel, which produces ...biofouling easily. In this paper, nickel-phosphorus-reduced graphene oxide (Ni-P-rGO) coating was prepared on carbon steel by electroless plating as a kind of advanced material to study the properties of iron bacteria biofouling under flowing conditions. The coating was analyzed via scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The properties of iron bacteria biofouling on carbon steel and Ni-P-rGO coating were then compared under flowing conditions. Compared with carbon steel, the asymptotic value of fouling resistance on the Ni-P-rGO coating significantly decreased. Additionally, the induction period and the time of reaching the asymptotic value greatly increased. The inhibition properties of biofouling of advanced materials Ni-P-rGO coating under different temperatures, flow velocities, and initial concentrations was also studied.
2 at.% Yb:Sr5(PO4)3F nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method. By using XRD, FT-IR and FE-SEM measurements, the influence of reactive conditions, including pH value, reactive ...temperature and mixing mode on the phase composition and microstructure of these nanoparticles were investigated. The results showed that pure Yb:Sr5(PO4)3F nanopowders were produced by adding sodium hydroxide solution into S-FAP emulsion under alkaline environment or neutral environment. Agglomeration degree of the nanoparticles decreases and then increases with the increase of pH value and the aggregation was lowest when the pH value was 12. Spherical or nearly spherical nanoparticles with mean size of 24.0 nm were obtained in the environment of 20 °C and pH = 12. TEM results showed that the powders produced by fast mixing model (fast stirring and fast mixing) have more homogenous microstructure. The Yb:Sr5(PO4)3F ceramic with a transmittance of 45% at 1500 nm was fabricated by hot-pressing the synthesized nanopowders. SEM results showed that residual pores and unsintered second phase are the main scattering sources of the as-prepared Yb:S-FAP ceramics.
Based on regional geology, 2D seismic and ocean drilling data, the formation of the Eratosthenes Seamount (ESM) and its surrounding isolated platforms, types of organic reefs and hydrocarbon ...accumulation conditions in the eastern Mediterranean were analyzed through fine tectonic interpretation and seismic facies study, and the future exploration targets were pointed out. The formation and evolution of the ESM and its peripheral isolated platforms are highly related to the open and close of the Neotethyan ocean. The precursors of the ESM and its peripheral isolated platforms are both horst-type fault blocks formed in the Middle Triassic–Early Jurassic intracontinental rift stage. The ESM and its peripheral isolated platforms underwent continued and inherited carbonate build-ups during the Middle Jurassic intercontinental rift stage, the Late Jurassic–Late Cretaceous Turonian passive drift stage, and Late Cretaceous Senonian–Miocene subduction stage, as well as medium-slight inversion transformation beginning in the Late Miocene Messinian caused by the closure of the Neotethyan ocean. Three types of isolated platforms formed controlled by variant paleo-tectonic settings: the first type is composed of a single patch-like reef controlled by a small-scale and narrow horst-type fault block, the second type consists of a single atoll controlled by a middle-scale and wide horst-type fault block, and the third type is comprised of multiple reef-beach complexes controlled by a large-scale and broad paleo-high. The first two types universally developed in the highs of the alternate sag-uplift structural zones on the south and west of Eratosthenes, and the third type only developed in the ESM. As a result of fluctuation of sea level, two sequences of reef build-ups, i.e. the Middle Jurassic Bajocian–Upper Cretaceous Turonian and the Miocene, developed in the ESM as well as the highs in the alternate sag-uplift structural zones on the south and west of Eratosthenes. Drillings have confirmed that the first two types of isolated platforms with a single patch-like reef and a single circle-like reef have good conditions for natural gas accumulations. The isolated platform of reef-beach complexes in the ESM also has accumulation potentials of natural gas and is worth prospecting.
T
he endogenous hypochlorous acid(HOCl) has been evidenced in a variety of cellular courses. However, the role of HOCl in most pathophysiological processes still keeps unclear because of the limited ...detecting tools. In this work, we presented the preparation of a phenothiazine-derived fluorescent probe ClO-
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for HOCl detection with a cyanopyridinium moiety to improve its water solubility and lengthen its emission wavelength. The HOCl-promoted oxidation of sulfur atom in the probe resulted in a 460-fold emission intensity enhancement at 635 nm with high selectivity and sensitivity(detection limit: 1.12 nmol/L). The rapid response(5 s) also endowed the probe with real-time detection ability. Successfully, ClO-
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was devoted to the bioimaging of endogenous HOCl in inflamed RAW 264.7 cells and 5-fluorouracil-treated MCF-7 cells.
•A criterion reducing the irreversible loss for heat transfer process is obtained.•Changing heat capacity ratio can minimize irreversible loss signally.•Lost available energy is more suitable for ...heat transfer evaluation.•Lost available energy can be reduced by changing the temperature distribution.
This paper reports the difference between the irreversibility and available energy loss of heat transfer process in heat exchanger. Based on the irreversibility analyzing in parallel flow and counter-flow heat exchangers, the driving force equipartition principle is derived. Then by the deduction of putting the principle in counter-flow heat exchanger, the principle application feasibility is discussed further. The results show that the changing trend of irreversibility and available energy loss are different obviously. With NTU variation, the available energy loss is declining gradually until stability while the irreversibility is increased first then reduced sharply. It is clear that process with big irreversibility is not always bad, and the available energy loss per unit heat transfer is more suitable for heat exchange criterion. Further, the heat exchangers or heat transfer process can be optimized by changing the temperature distribution.
This study aims to establish a scientific foundation for early detection and diagnosis of silicosis by conducting meta-analysis on the role of single biomarkers in independent diagnosis. The combined ...sensitivity (Sen), specificity (Spe), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic score, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were 0.84 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77–0.90), 0.83 (95% CI: 0.78–0.88), 5.08 (95% CI: 3.92–6.59), 0.19 (95% CI: 0.13–0.27), 3.31 (95% CI: 2.88–3.74) and 27.29 (95% CI: 17.77–41.91), respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.88–0.93). The Fagan plot shows a positive posterior probability of 82% and a negative posterior probability of 15%. This study establishes an academic basis for the swift identification, mitigation, and control of silicosis through scientific approaches. The assessed biomarkers offer precision and dependability in silicosis diagnosis, opening novel paths for early detection and intervention, thereby mitigating the disease burden associated with silicosis.
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•Study focuses on silicosis, enhancing diagnostics•Findings impact clinical decisions, policy•Future research: validate biomarkers, improve management
Health informatics; Pathophysiology
By using a large amount of geological and geophysical data, the geological characteristics such as lithofacies and paleogeography of 4981 geological units at thirteen key geological periods or ...epoches since the Precambrian in the world have been figured out. The global lithofacies and paleogeography charts have been compiled by ArcGis mapping technology. Combined with the results of plate-paleogeography reconstruction, the lithofacies and paleogeography as well as the prototype basins of these global paleoplates have been restored with the Gplate software. Results show that there are 22 kinds of lithofacies combinations and 10 types of paleogeography units developed since Precambrian. These features of lithofacies and paleogeography as well as their evolution were mainly controlled by the divergent and convergent movements of those plates. Taking the results of the lithofacis and paleogeography at the present and paleoplate location during the seven key geological periods from the Precambrian to Paleozoic for example, during the Late Precambrian and Cambrian, the large-scale disintegration of the Rodinia supercontinent resulted in reduction of uplift denudation area and clastic terrestrial facies area, the expansion of coastal-shallow marine facies and shallow-water carbonate platform. In Devonian, uplift denudation area and clastic terrestrial facies area began to increase and littoral-shallow marine facies area and shallow-water carbonate platform shrank as a result of the formation of Larussia supercontinent. In the Permian, with the formation of the Pangea continent, the development of the global uplift denudation area and clastic terrestrial facies reached its peak, while the littoral and shallow marine facies were very limited in distribution. The lithofacies and paleogeography features and evolution patterns of different stages lay a solid foundation for analyzing the formation conditions of geological elements, such as source rocks, reservoirs and cap rocks for oil and gas accumulation, and revealing the distribution regularity of oil and gas around the world.
Transparent polycrystalline fluorite ceramics were manufactured from naturally occurring fluorite mineral by a hot‐pressed sintering method. Naturally occurring fluorite minerals were ball milled by ...a planetary milling equipment. The phase structures of powders were single cubic fluorite phase, and diameters of fluorite powders were decreased from 100 to 20 μm with increasing ball milling duration. Influence of ball milling duration and sintering temperatures on optical properties of polycrystalline fluorite ceramics were studied systematically to obtain the optimum manufacturing process. For the mineral powders after 1 hours ball‐milling, the polycrystalline ceramic hot‐pressed at 1050°C exhibited the highest optical transmission. For a 2.5 mm thickness polycrystalline ceramic, the highest optical transmission at 500 and 1500 nm were about 60.1% and 75.7%, respectively.
Based on the compilation and analysis of the lithofacies and paleogeography distribution maps at present and paleoplate locations during six key geological periods of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, the ...lithofacies and paleogeography features and their development laws were expounded. Based on our previous research results on lithofacies and paleogeography from Precambrian to Paleozoic, we systematically studied the features and evolution laws of global lithofacies and paleogeography from the Precambrian and their effects on the formation of source rocks, reservoirs, cap rocks and the distribution of oil and gas worldwide. The results show that since Precambrian, the distribution areas of uplift erosion and terrestrial clastic deposition tended to increase gradually, and increased significantly during the period of continental growth. The scale of coastal and shallow marine facies area had three distinct cycles, namely, from Precambrian to Devonian, from Carboniferous to Triassic, and from Jurassic to Neogene. Correspondingly, the development of shallow carbonate platform also showed three cycles; the lacustrine facies onshore was relatively developed in Mesozoic and Cenozoic; the sabkha was mainly developed in the Devonian, Permian and Triassic. The Cretaceous is the most important source rock layers in the world, followed by the Jurassic and Paleogene source rocks; the clastic reservoirs have more oil and gas than the carbonate reservoirs; the basins with shale caprocks have the widest distribution, the most abundant reserves of oil and gas, and the evaporite caprocks have the strongest sealing capacity, which can seal some huge oil and gas fields.
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