Abstract Tensiomyography is a non-invasive method of neuromuscular assessment used to measure muscle action characteristics, muscle tone, and muscle fiber type, and provides information on acute and ...chronic responses of muscle to different training loads. The aims of the present study were: to analyse differences in muscle response and mechanical characteristics of two major muscles of the lower extremity in a large group of Spanish soccer players according to playing position, and to provide group norms against which clinical findings may be compared. Data were collected from 78 professional soccer players (age 26.6 ± 4.4 years; height: 179.2 ± 5.3 cm; body mass: 75.8 ± 5.3 kg). Tensiomyography was recorded from the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles after 2 days without take part in any strenuous exercise or training. Five tensiomyographic parameters were analyzed: maximal displacement ( Dm ), contraction time ( Tc ), sustain time ( Ts ), delay time ( Td ), and half-relaxation time ( Tr ). A good to excellent intra-session reliability was found for all contractile parameters (ICC ranged from 0.78 to 0.95). No significant differences between players of any position were observed in absolute values of BF. However, significant differences were observed for Tc , Tr and Ts between the different playing positions on RF ( P < 0.05, effect size ranged from 1.3 to 1.6). Professional soccer players showed muscles with ability to rapidly generate force during contractions. The neuromuscular profile provided could help in identifying the normative data that are important for the different positions in order to optimize the training and recovery process of each individual player.
The capacity to recover from intense training and matches is considered an important determinant in soccer performance. At present, there is no consensus on the effect of posttraining recovery ...interventions on subsequent training session. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of active (12 minutes of submaximal running and 8 minutes of static stretching) and passive recovery (20 minutes sit on a bench) interventions performed immediately after a training session on muscle contractile properties using tensiomyography (TMG) and perceived muscle soreness 24 hours after the training. During 2 experimental sessions, 31 professional soccer players participated in a randomized fully controlled trial design. The first session was designed to collect the player's TMG and muscle soreness measurements (pretest). After baseline measurements, the participants performed a standardized soccer training during which the heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded to evaluate the training load. At the end of training unit, all the players were randomly assigned to the active recovery group and the passive recovery group. A second experimental session was organized to obtain the posttest values. The players performed the same test, administered in the same order than in the first trial. The results showed that no differences between groups were observed in the HR and RPE. No significant effect because of recovery strategy was found on TMG parameters and perceived muscle soreness.
The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between parents' past experience as Physical Education (PE) students and the importance they give to PE within the school curriculum. Parents of ...1834 teenagers from Spain and Portugal participated in the study (1834 fathers and 1834 mothers). An 11 item questionnaire was used for data collection. The measures studied were: socio-demographic characteristics, parent´s past experience as PE students, and importance that parents gave to PE in the school curriculum. The results suggest that parents' past experiences as PE student condition their evaluation of the importance that PE should have in the school curriculum. As the past experience as PE student deteriorated and as age increased, there was an increase in the probability that parents evaluate PE as deserving a less important status in their children's curriculum. These findings can contribute to understanding how the parents' past experiences as PE students seem to partially model the value judgements that they make later in life regarding the importance of the subject.
The aim of the present study was to identify performance indicators that discriminate winning teams from drawing and losing teams in the UEFA Champions League. All 288 matches played at the group ...stage in the 2007-2008, 2008-2009, and 2009-2010 seasons were analyzed. The game-related statistics gathered were: total shots, shots on goal, effectiveness, passes, successful passes, crosses, offsides committed and received, corners, ball possession, crosses against, fouls committed and received, corners against, yellow and red cards, venue, and quality of opposition. Data were analyzed performing a one-way ANOVA and a discriminant analysis. The results showed that winning teams had significantly higher average values that were for the following game statistics: total shots (p<0.01), shots on goal (p<0.01), effectiveness (p<0.01), passes (p<0.05), successful passes (p<0.05), and ball possession (p<0.05). Losing teams had significantly higher values in the variable yellow cards (p<0.01), and red cards (p<0.01). Discriminant analysis allowed to conclude the following: the variables that discriminate between winning, drawing and losing teams were the shots on goal, crosses, ball possession, venue and quality of opposition. Coaches and players should be aware of these different profiles in order to increase knowledge about game cognitive and motor solicitation and, therefore, to design and evaluate practices and competitions for soccer peak performance teams in a collective way.
There are serious warnings of sedentary lifestyles among children. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures from school, especially in Physical Education (PE) classes. One way to do this, it is ...paying attention to the motivational climate and enjoyment in PE classes because these two factors are related to the intention to be physically active by students. This research’s aim was to evaluate multidimensional motivation and enjoyment in PE classes and relations between these dimensions. The sample included 315 Primary Education Galician students (Spain), 145 boys (46%) and 170 girls (54%), with an age range between 10 and 12 years (M=10.92, SD=0.792). Data were collected by means of two questionnaires. One of them was the ‘Physical Education Questionnaire in Primary Education´ (CMEF-EP), and the other one was ‘Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale´ (PACES). The following results were obtained: Intrinsic Motivation (IM) (M=5.12; SD=1.14), External Regulation (ER) (M=3.61; SD=1.63), Amotivation (AM) (M=1.93; SD=1.46), Enjoyment (ENJ) (M=4.51; SD=0.55). Regression analysis shows that the IM can predict 42.1% of ENJ in PE classes. Therefore, students’ intrinsic motivation is a solid framework for enjoyment in PE lessons. Consequently, it should be taken into account by Primary Education teachers in their classrooms. They should take appropriate measures to encourage intrinsic motivation: methodologies of inquiry, positive feedback, variety of tasks and materials, flexible grouping and meaningful assessment.
We assessed the test–retest reliability of the Sargent jump (VJ) for vertical jumping performed by 4 and 5 years old pre-schoolers. The VJ was administered three times (familiarization, test, and ...retest) to 163 children (mean age: 4.48 ± 0.5 years; 55.8% girls). The results were compared with those obtained in the standing long jump (SLJ) and in the 25 -m dash test to identify how its performance correlated with other measures of leg power. Systematic change in the mean and retest correlations with these other measures were used to help analyze VJ test–retest reliability. Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine the degree of association between the test and retest trials of the VJ. The VJ showed a higher correlation and agreement in the 4-year-old, compared with the 5-year old, group (rc = 0.956 vs. 0.796; α = 0.95 vs. 0.84; ICC: 0.828; 95% CI: 0.730–0.891 vs 0.739; 95% CI: 0.589–0.834). Effect sizes were small (d ≤ 0.285) for all the VJ tests performed. Fair to poor significant relationships were established between the VJ (test), VJ (retest), and the SLJ. No significant association was observed between the VJ and the 25 -m dash tests. Our findings suggest that the Sargent jump test is reliable when executed by 4- and 5-year-olds. The lack of a strong association with other measures of leg power should be taken into account at the time of selecting the most appropriate test to assess this strength dimension.
This paper aimed to carry out a literature review about the objectives and purposes of physical education (PE) in the school curricula of secondary educationIt was conducted a systematic review ...process using the PRISMA protocol from 2014 to May 2020 (included) in the databases Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC and SPORTDiscus, using the terms “physical education”, “purpose OR role” and “high school”. As a result, a total of 38 items were selected that met all the requirements for inclusion. The articles for the review were selected under the criteria: (a) written in Spanish, English, or Portuguese (b) published in a peer-reviewed journal (c) to include students between 12 and 16 years old, teachers or parents as participants. The results showed how most of the studies propose the category referred to the promotion of healthy lifestyles as the main objective of PE (20); there were also several studies related to the promotion of the like for physical activities (10) and promotion of health and sport-related learning (9). as well as the integral formation of the individual through PE, inside the general education aims category. The categories with less presence were the promotion of physical fitness (5), the general education aims (5) and category of promoting catharsis (3). The application of current knowledge in the initial and in-service training of teachers, in addition to educational curricula, would make it possible to align practice with ecological models that promote healthy and active lifestyles.
The aim of this study was to determine what happens to the basic psychological needs during elementary school, analysing these according to age, gender and educational stage. A total of 743 students ...from Primary (n = 311) and Secondary (n = 432), 333 children and 410 girls participated; Mage = 12.99, SD = 2.07. Statistically significant differences were found in the age factor in autonomy (p = .043), perceived competence (p <.001) and relation with others (p <.001). Results show a decrease in the AUT COMP and the RELAT in the passage from primary to secondary, as these variables are higher in boys than in girls. Based on these results, a reflection on the teaching practice and methodology used in these stages of PE should be made, because children have different needs and perceptions of being competent, of being autonomous and of relating to the in PE classes. Therefore, we must consider the approach of activities that do not promote excess competition, providing activities with different difficulties and different opportunities to choose the activities to be carried out, aimed at the development of these three basic psychological needs of students so that the perception of autonomy, competence and relationship, are increased.
The aim of the present study was to analyze men's football competitions, trying to identify which game-related statistics allow to discriminate winning, drawing and losing teams. The sample used ...corresponded to 380 games from the 2008-2009 season of the Spanish Men's Professional League. The game-related statistics gathered were: total shots, shots on goal, effectiveness, assists, crosses, offsides commited and received, corners, ball possession, crosses against, fouls committed and received, corners against, yellow and red cards, and venue. An univariate (t-test) and multivariate (discriminant) analysis of data was done. The results showed that winning teams had averages that were significantly higher for the following game statistics: total shots (p < 0.001), shots on goal (p < 0.01), effectiveness (p < 0.01), assists (p < 0.01), offsides committed (p < 0.01) and crosses against (p < 0.01). Losing teams had significantly higher averages in the variable crosses (p < 0.01), offsides received (p < 0. 01) and red cards (p < 0.01). Discriminant analysis allowed to conclude the following: the variables that discriminate between winning, drawing and losing teams were the total shots, shots on goal, crosses, crosses against, ball possession and venue. Coaches and players should be aware for these different profiles in order to increase knowledge about game cognitive and motor solicitation and, therefore, to evaluate specificity at the time of practice and game planning. Key pointsThis paper increases the knowledge about soccer match analysis.Give normative values to establish practice and match objectives.Give applications ideas to connect research with coaches' practice.
El objetivo del presente estudio consiste en realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica centrándose en el análisis de los materiales utilizados en programas escolares para la ...formación en primeros auxilios. Se consideraron susceptibles de ser incluidos, aquellos artículos de investigación originales que contenían programas de enseñanza o intervenciones desarrolladas en el ámbito escolar, dirigidas a alumnos entre 6 y 18 años, en los que se trabajaba cualquier aspecto relacionado con los primeros auxilios. Fueron exploradas las principales bases de datos en inglés y español correspondientes a los ámbitos de la educación y la salud en sus versiones disponibles en línea en abril de 2018. Un total de 27 artículos fueron finalmente objeto de la revisión y se procedió a la síntesis de la información que contenían. Los materiales empleados en los diferentes programas formativos fueron muy variados. la mayoría de los programas optan por una combinación de materiales didácticos generales y específicos, siendo la opción más habitual la mezcla de material audiovisual con material no fungible, móvil, complementario y de medición. En conclusión, existe una enorme variedad de materiales a disposición de los maestros en educación física para llevar a cabo la enseñanza de los primeros auxilios, por lo que, a la hora de diseñar un programa formativo eficaz, deberían emplearse criterios didácticos para seleccionar y combinar los materiales a emplear.
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