Abstract
Background
The current study investigated the relationship between behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) knowledge and positive aspects of caregiving (PAC), in addition, ...how caregiving attitude and self-efficacy mediate or moderate this relationship.
Methods
Two hundred twenty-nine formal caregivers (51males and 178females) who has worked in nursing homes for more than a month were recruited.With a cross-sectional, face-to-face survey, structural questionnaires were implemented to evaluate formal caregiver’s BPSD knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy and PAC.A 13-item self-developed questionnaire was used to assess caregiver’s BPSD knowledge about disease characteristics, care and risks, and treatment needs. Dementia attitude, self-efficacy and positive aspects of caregiving were measured by dementia attitude scale, the General self-efficacy scale, and Chinese version of positive aspects of caregiving respectively. Model 5 in the PROCESS micro was employed in order to verify the mediating effect of attitude and the moderating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between BPSD knowledge and PAC.
Results
The results showed that greater BPSD knowledge was associated with increased PAC, and this relationship was fully mediated by increased friendly attitude toward people with dementia. Moreover, direct effect was moderated by self-efficacy, and that only among those with high self-efficacy, the direct effect of BPSD knowledge was found on promoting PAC.
Conclusions
By elucidating the knowledge-attitude-practice pathway in handling patient’s BPSD, the current study extends existing literature and provides insights for developing psychoeducation programs among formal caregivers.
A waste biomass, sodium lignosulfonate, was treated with sodium 2-formylbenzenesulfonate, and the phenylaldehyde condensation product was then used as a robust supporting material to immobilize a ...copper species. The so-obtained catalyst was characterized by many physicochemical methods including FTIR, EA, FSEM, FTEM, XPS, and TG. This catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as tricyclic indoles bearing 3,4-fused seven-membered rings, 2‑arylpyridines, aminonaphthalenes and 3-phenylisoquinolines. In addition, this catalyst showed to be recyclable and could be reused several times without significant loss in activity during the course of the reaction process.
The application of shear thickening fluids (STFs) in impact protection has attracted increasing attention as an innovative material capable of promptly perceiving and reacting to external stimuli. ...Herein, we synthesized the zeolitic imidazolium ester-like skeletal structure material ZIF-8 and employed it to create a new multi-phase STF. This involved incorporating ZIF-8 particles as a third dispersed phase and using a single-phase SiO2-based STF as the base liquid. The critical shear thickening rates of multi-phase STFs that contain ZIF-8 are lower, while their peak viscosities are higher. Additionally, a new method to characterize the mechanical properties of STF was established by constructing a light-load impact testing platform. The ZIF-8-based multi-phase STFs exhibit excellent energy dissipation ability, and an increased ZIF-8 content can improve the resistance to impact wear and energy absorption ability of the STFs. In particular, the impact crater volume is only 574 µm3 (reduced by 89.76%) when the ZIF-8 content is 7.5 wt%. The mechanism study shows that the nanoparticles inside the multi-phase STF are able to form a stable frictional contact network, thereby bolstering the shear thickening effect and rapid responsiveness during the impact process. This study introduces novel concepts for the design of impact protection materials.
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•A novel device and method for evaluating the mechanical properties of STF under low-load conditions was developed.•Novel multiphase shear thickening fluids (STFs) were prepared by dispersing ZIF-8 into SiO2-based suspensions.•The incorporation of ZIF-8 improved the shear thickening properties of the STF.•The multi-phase STF exhibited notable wear resistance.
In Glaser heterocoupling reactions, one of the alkyne precursors have to be used in five to ten times of excess. This not only wasted the organic substrate, but also decreased the catalytic ...efficiency of the metal catalysts. To solve this problem, we prepared a lignosulfonate/dicationic ionic liquid composite via ion exchange process. The thereby obtained materials can be used as catalyst supports for preparing heterogeneous Cu-based catalysts. The supports and the catalysts were characterized by many physicochemical methods including FT-IR, elemental analysis (EA), FSEM, FTEM, XPS, and TG. Interestingly, the catalyst can enrich the alkynol component in the reaction system, thus enabling Glaser heterocoupling reactions of alkynols and phenylacetylenes to proceed well with a low substrate ratio. The substrate scope of the Glaser heterocoupling reaction, enriching effect of the composite support for the alkynol component, and recyclability of the catalyst were also investigated.
By using a sulfone-containing Brønsted acid ionic liquid as catalyst, various densely substituted chroman derivatives were synthesized through hitherto unreported three-component reactions of ...aromatic aldehydes, 1,1-diarylethylenes and nucleophiles. The representative reactions involve (i) condensation of benzaldehyde, 2-naphthol and 1,1-diphenylethylene and (ii) selective assembly of salicylaldehyde, indole and 1,1-diphenylethylene. The reactions were performed under solvent-free conditions, and the only by-product was water. The Brønsted acid ionic liquid could be recovered and reused without significant loss of its activity.
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Calcium sulfonate complex grease exhibits different lubrication mechanisms due to its different combination of calcium carbonate soap and complex agents. In an effort to explore the synergistic ...lubricating effect of complex agents and find breakthroughs in the performance of calcium sulfonate grease, calcium phosphate modified calcium sulfonate grease was prepared and tested compared with borates. At high loads of 600 N, the introduction of P-containing complex improved load bearing capacity of calcium sulfonate grease. The advantage it exhibited in terms of lubrication was attributed to the synergistic effect of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate in thickener under harsh condition. The synergistic films about 30 nm depth composed of iron oxide, calcium oxide and iron phosphate played a decisive role in lubrication.
In the context of the ongoing evolution of the global economy and increasing environmental awareness, green sustainable development has emerged as a crucial pathway for future advancements in the ...lubrication industry. In this study, we prepared bio-based greases by employing a thickener system consisting of polyhydroxyalkanoate (P34HB) and ethyl cellulose, with castor oil serving as a base oil. The results indicate that ethyl cellulose significantly and effectively enhances the grease system’s mechanical and colloidal stability. Notably, the addition of 5 wt% ethyl cellulose leads to superior mechanical and colloidal stability, while increasing concentrations gradually result in rheological properties similar to those of oleogels. Furthermore, the wear volume of grease containing 5 wt% ethyl cellulose was reduced by 39.20% compared to that of a reference P34HB grease, demonstrating its exceptional wear resistance. The present study provides a theoretical foundation and empirical evidence for the future development of biodegradable greases as substitutes for non-degradable materials, thereby expanding the range of environmentally friendly greases formulated with biomass-based thickeners.
Shear thickening fluids (STFs) have attracted increasing attention as smart materials with unique rheological properties. However, the preparation of STFs usually relies on a composite system of ...spherical nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol. In this work, novel multi-phase STFs (ILSTFs) were prepared in an ionic liquid by incorporating nanosized SiO2 and rod-shaped calcium metasilicate (CaSiO3) particles as a dispersed phase. Compared to traditional STFs, ILSTFs demonstrate excellent thermal stability. Rheological tests indicate that ILSTFs exhibit continuous shear thickening behavior, resulting in excellent energy absorption and impact wear resistance. In addition, ILSTFs can serve as a new type of lubricant. The tribological properties and impact resistance of ILSTFs were highly correlated with the shear thickening effect, with the multi-phase ILSTF system with CaSiO3 demonstrating superior impact wear resistance compared to the single-phase system. In this study, finite element analysis (FEA) is further utilized to investigate the local damage evolution and energy absorption rate of STF under impact loading, providing insights into the underlying mechanism. This ionic liquid-based STF holds promise for applications as a flexible filling component in the fields of lubrication technology and impact protection structures.
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•A novel multi-phase ILSTF based on ionic liquid as the carrier liquid was constructed.•The multi-phase ILSTF had good thermal stability and significant shear thickening effect.•ILSTF was used as a lubricant for the first time.•Finite element analysis (FEA) revealed the impact resistance mechanism of filled ILSTF in finite space.
Replacing dipolar and aprotic solvents with environmentally benign media has emerged as a new facet of green chemistry. In this paper, a sulfone‐containing imidazolium‐based Brønsted acid ionic ...liquid was prepared and used as a recyclable acid catalyst. The ionic liquid catalyst enables the use of an industrially acceptable and environmentally benign solvent, butyl acetate, as the reaction medium. The ionic liquid/butyl acetate biphasic system was successfully utilized in many organic reactions, which generally relied heavily on dipolar and aprotic solvents.
The aging of lubricants is a primary factor contributing to rolling bearing failures. The rolling stability test simulated the aging behavior of grease under shear and high-temperature circumstances. ...An investigation was conducted on how mechanical-thermal aging impacts the chemical and physical structures of polyurea grease, as well as how changes in thickener microstructure affect rheological and tribological properties. The results show that under shear and high temperature, structural changes in urea lead to a transformation of the thickener morphologies from the growth of entangled ribbon fiber to a large-diameter rod structure, with a significant decrease in the degree of entanglement. When a certain proportion of fibrous and rod structures coexist, the grease has good oil separation capacity, the structural stabilities of grease become weak, and the deformation resistance decreases. During this phase, the polyurea grease has the best tribological performance.
•Mechanical-thermal aging mechanism of polyurea grease elucidated by quantitative infrared spectroscopy.•During aging, the diameter of the thickener structure becomes larger and the entanglement degree decreases.•The best oil separation capacity is achieved when fibrous and rod-like structures coexist.•Proper mechanical thermal aging improves the tribological properties of greases.
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