•An innovative heat exchanger based on channels-in-tube principle is proposed.•Experimental set-up and procedure to measure pressures and temperatures.•Measured pressure drop and temperature profiles ...in the exchanger are presented.•A recently proposed CFD model is successfully validated against measured data.
In our previous work, an innovative heat exchanger design, the so-called internally channeled tube (ICT), was proposed based on a channels-in-tube principle. The new geometry provides a significantly larger heat transfer area than similar conventional heat exchangers. Furthermore, a three-dimensional numerical model was developed to govern fluid dynamics and heat transfer in the ICT. The focus of the present paper is an experimental investigation of the ICT under turbulent flow conditions. The experimental set-up is presented in detail and the measurement procedure is highlighted. In particular, the maldistribution issue is considered. Measured pressure drop and temperature values are used to validate the numerical model. The deviation between simulated and experimental values is below 6.5% for the pressure drop and below 13% for the heat transfer coefficient.
The TOTEM experiment at the LHC has performed the first measurement at Formula omitted of the Formula omitted parameter, the real to imaginary ratio of the nuclear elastic scattering amplitude at ...Formula omitted, obtaining the following results: Formula omitted and Formula omitted, depending on different physics assumptions and mathematical modelling. The unprecedented precision of the Formula omitted measurement, combined with the TOTEM total cross-section measurements in an energy range larger than Formula omitted (from 2.76 to Formula omitted), has implied the exclusion of all the models classified and published by COMPETE. The Formula omitted results obtained by TOTEM are compatible with the predictions, from other theoretical models both in the Regge-like framework and in the QCD framework, of a crossing-odd colourless 3-gluon compound state exchange in the t-channel of the proton-proton elastic scattering. On the contrary, if shown that the crossing-odd 3-gluon compound state t-channel exchange is not of importance for the description of elastic scattering, the Formula omitted value determined by TOTEM would represent a first evidence of a slowing down of the total cross-section growth at higher energies. The very low-|t| reach allowed also to determine the absolute normalisation using the Coulomb amplitude for the first time at the LHC and obtain a new total proton-proton cross-section measurement Formula omitted, completely independent from the previous TOTEM determination. Combining the two TOTEM results yields Formula omitted.
Abstract The TOTEM experiment at the LHC has performed the first measurement at $$\sqrt{s} = 13\,\mathrm{TeV}$$ s=13TeV of the $$\rho $$ ρ parameter, the real to imaginary ratio of the nuclear ...elastic scattering amplitude at $$t=0$$ t=0 , obtaining the following results: $$\rho = 0.09 \pm 0.01$$ ρ=0.09±0.01 and $$\rho = 0.10 \pm 0.01$$ ρ=0.10±0.01 , depending on different physics assumptions and mathematical modelling. The unprecedented precision of the $$\rho $$ ρ measurement, combined with the TOTEM total cross-section measurements in an energy range larger than $$10\,\mathrm{TeV}$$ 10TeV (from 2.76 to $$13\,\mathrm{TeV}$$ 13TeV ), has implied the exclusion of all the models classified and published by COMPETE. The $$\rho $$ ρ results obtained by TOTEM are compatible with the predictions, from other theoretical models both in the Regge-like framework and in the QCD framework, of a crossing-odd colourless 3-gluon compound state exchange in the t-channel of the proton–proton elastic scattering. On the contrary, if shown that the crossing-odd 3-gluon compound state t-channel exchange is not of importance for the description of elastic scattering, the $$\rho $$ ρ value determined by TOTEM would represent a first evidence of a slowing down of the total cross-section growth at higher energies. The very low-|t| reach allowed also to determine the absolute normalisation using the Coulomb amplitude for the first time at the LHC and obtain a new total proton–proton cross-section measurement $$\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}} = (110.3 \pm 3.5)\,\mathrm{mb}$$ σtot=(110.3±3.5)mb , completely independent from the previous TOTEM determination. Combining the two TOTEM results yields $$\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}} = (110.5 \pm 2.4)\,\mathrm{mb}$$ σtot=(110.5±2.4)mb .
Abstract
The TOTEM experiment at the LHC has performed the first measurement at
$$\sqrt{s} = 13\,\mathrm{TeV}$$
s
=
13
TeV
of the
$$\rho $$
ρ
parameter, the real to imaginary ratio of the nuclear ...elastic scattering amplitude at
$$t=0$$
t
=
0
, obtaining the following results:
$$\rho = 0.09 \pm 0.01$$
ρ
=
0.09
±
0.01
and
$$\rho = 0.10 \pm 0.01$$
ρ
=
0.10
±
0.01
, depending on different physics assumptions and mathematical modelling. The unprecedented precision of the
$$\rho $$
ρ
measurement, combined with the TOTEM total cross-section measurements in an energy range larger than
$$10\,\mathrm{TeV}$$
10
TeV
(from 2.76 to
$$13\,\mathrm{TeV}$$
13
TeV
), has implied the exclusion of all the models classified and published by COMPETE. The
$$\rho $$
ρ
results obtained by TOTEM are compatible with the predictions, from other theoretical models both in the Regge-like framework and in the QCD framework, of a crossing-odd colourless 3-gluon compound state exchange in the
t
-channel of the proton–proton elastic scattering. On the contrary, if shown that the crossing-odd 3-gluon compound state
t
-channel exchange is not of importance for the description of elastic scattering, the
$$\rho $$
ρ
value determined by TOTEM would represent a first evidence of a slowing down of the total cross-section growth at higher energies. The very low-|
t
| reach allowed also to determine the absolute normalisation using the Coulomb amplitude for the first time at the LHC and obtain a new total proton–proton cross-section measurement
$$\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}} = (110.3 \pm 3.5)\,\mathrm{mb}$$
σ
tot
=
(
110.3
±
3.5
)
mb
, completely independent from the previous TOTEM determination. Combining the two TOTEM results yields
$$\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}} = (110.5 \pm 2.4)\,\mathrm{mb}$$
σ
tot
=
(
110.5
±
2.4
)
mb
.
The ability to formulate optimum drug-loaded carriers is a challenge that impedes virtuous drug delivery and stability. Nano micelles (NMs) are highly prospective carriers due to their minute ...dimensions and exceptional biocompatibility. This study investigated a more efficient and straightforward fabrication method for surfactant nano micelles than the conventional solvent vaporization process. The objective was to develop and validate the Direct Method, an expedited approach for producing surfactant NMs. Tween 20, was employed to simulate the solubility of various drugs in Surfactant, including azithromycin monohydrate, fusidic acid, and metronidazole. Four distinct concentrations of the medication were employed. The polydispersity index and micellar diameter were employed to compare and contrast the two methodologies. No significant differences (
p
< 0.05) were observed between the outcomes obtained from both methods, irrespective of the concentrations of the drugs. The Direct Method exhibited comparable levels of efficiency to the conventional approach. The study effectively established the Direct Method as a rapid and efficient substitute for surfactant NMs synthesis.
•Innovative designs increasing heat transfer surface area within circular tubes.•Numerical analysis of conjugate heat transfer in the suggested designs.•A novel splitting method to reduce the ...computational domain is presented.•Quantitative thermohydraulic assessment of the suggested designs.
A novel heat exchanger design concept to enhance heat transfer is presented. The exchanger geometry includes six channels arranged inside an insulated circular tube along its axis and forming the so-called internally channeled tube (ICT). The ICT concept offers an increase in the heat transfer surface area between cold and hot fluids. Two original channeled tube geometries are proposed and studied. Single-phase flow and conjugate heat transfer are captured by steady-state CFD simulations utilizing a new approach based on the fluid domain splitting. Heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop are determined under laminar and turbulent flow conditions using water as working fluid. The possibility to apply existing correlations to determine friction factors and Nusselt number in ICTs was explored based on the numerical results. Furthermore, an evaluation of the ICT designs is given in comparison with a traditional double-pipe heat exchanger (DPHE). The heat transfer rate in ICT heat exchangers was found to be up to 50% higher than that in the DPHE, yet with a pressure drop penalty of up to 70%.
Abstract The TOTEM collaboration has measured the proton–proton total cross section at $$\sqrt{s}=13~\hbox {TeV}$$ s=13TeV with a luminosity-independent method. Using dedicated $$\beta ^{*}=90~\hbox ...{m}$$ β∗=90m beam optics, the Roman Pots were inserted very close to the beam. The inelastic scattering rate has been measured by the T1 and T2 telescopes during the same LHC fill. After applying the optical theorem the total proton–proton cross section is $$\sigma _\mathrm{tot}=(110.6~\pm ~3.4$$ σtot=(110.6±3.4 ) mb, well in agreement with the extrapolation from lower energies. This method also allows one to derive the luminosity-independent elastic and inelastic cross sections: $$\sigma _\mathrm{el}=(31.0~\pm ~1.7)~\hbox {mb}$$ σel=(31.0±1.7)mb and $$\sigma _\mathrm{inel}=(79.5~\pm ~1.8)~\hbox {mb}$$ σinel=(79.5±1.8)mb .
The TOTEM collaboration has measured the proton-proton total cross section at Formula omitted with a luminosity-independent method. Using dedicated Formula omitted beam optics, the Roman Pots were ...inserted very close to the beam. The inelastic scattering rate has been measured by the T1 and T2 telescopes during the same LHC fill. After applying the optical theorem the total proton-proton cross section is Formula omitted) mb, well in agreement with the extrapolation from lower energies. This method also allows one to derive the luminosity-independent elastic and inelastic cross sections: Formula omitted and Formula omitted.
The TOTEM collaboration has measured the proton–proton total cross section at s√=13 TeV with a luminosity-independent method. Using dedicated β*=90 m beam optics, the Roman Pots were inserted very ...close to the beam. The inelastic scattering rate has been measured by the T1 and T2 telescopes during the same LHC fill. After applying the optical theorem the total proton–proton cross section is σtot=(110.6 ± 3.4 ) mb, well in agreement with the extrapolation from lower energies. This method also allows one to derive the luminosity-independent elastic and inelastic cross sections σel=(31.0 ± 1.7) mb and σinel=(79.5 ± 1.8) mb .
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