Les nombreux débats conflictuels entourant l’application du principe de grève de masse (Massenstreik) au sein du Parti social-démocrate allemand (SPD) témoignent de la lente agonie des idéaux ...marxistes au sein de ce parti de masse. La fragile victoire des idéaux prônés par la faction radicale du Parti contre ceux des réformistes, entre 1900 et 1906, connaît un retour de balancier sans appel après la première révolution russe. De 1906 à 1910, la logique légalo-parlementaire allait progressivement devenir la seule voie légitime aux yeux des dirigeants du Parti. Ce changement de tactique et de stratégie visant à conquérir le pouvoir, sera grandement contesté par plusieurs militants influents du Parti. Le conflit intellectuel entre Rosa Luxemburg et Karl Kautsky, qui éclata publiquement en 1910 alors que les mouvements contestataires en Allemagne étaient très forts, nous permet de comprendre, par l’analyse du discours de ces penseurs marxistes, les raisons qui conduisirent le SPD à ne pas appliquer la grève de masse. Ceci, alors qu’une motion favorable à ce principe avait été votée en 1905 lors du Congrès d’Iéna. Du point de vue pseudo-sérendipien qui était le sien, Luxemburg croyait fermement que la temporalité était favorable à l’application de la grève de masse. L’interprétation temporelle et électoraliste de Kautsky l’amènera plutôt à critiquer les effets pseudo-sérendipiens, non contrôlés par le SPD, entourant ce type d’action politique.
Many conflicting debates on the application of the principle of mass strike (Massenstreik) in the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) bear witness to the slow agony of Marxist ideals within the mass party. From the fragile victory of the ideals advocated by the radical faction of the party against those of the reformers, between 1900 and 1906, the return of the pendulum after the first Russian revolution was merciless. Between 1906 and 1910, in the eyes of the leaders of the party, legal-parliamentary logics progressively became the only legitimate way to go. This change in tactics and strategy to gain power, was fiercely challenged by several influential party activists. The intellectual conflict between Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Kautsky, that broke out publicly in 1910 while the protest movements in Germany were very strong, allows us to understand, through a discourse analysis of these Marxist thinkers, the reasons that led the SPD to not apply the mass strike, even though the principle had been voted in during the 1905 Jena Congress. Based on her pseudo-serendipity outlook, Luxemburg firmly believed that the time was favorable for implementing the mass strike. Kautsky’s temporal and electioneering interpretation led him instead to criticize the pseudo-serendipity effects, not controlled by the SPD, that surrounded this type of political action.
Los numerosos y conflictivos debates sobre la aplicación del principio de huelga de masas (Massenstreik) que conoció el Partido social-demócrata alemán (SPD) dan cuenta de la lenta agonía de los ideales marxistas dentro de este partido de masas. La frágil victoria de los ideales blandidos entre 1900 y 1906 por el ala radical del Partido contra el ala reformista, conoce un inapelable giro de situación después de la primera revolución rusa. De 1906 a 1910, los dirigentes del Partido hicieron de la lógica legal y parlamentaria la única vía legítima. Este cambio de táctica y de estrategia, cuyo fin era la conquista del poder, será fuertemente contestado por varios militantes influyentes. A través de un análisis discursivo veremos cómo el conflicto intelectual entre Rosa Luxemburgo y Karl Kautsky, que estalló públicamente en 1910, cuando los movimientos contestatarios alemanes eran poderosos, comprenderemos las razones que condujeron al SPD a no aplicar la huelga de masas, pese a que una moción favorable a este principio había sido votada en 1905 (durante el Congreso de Iéna). Desde su punto de vista pseudo-serendipio, Luxemburgo creía firmemente que la temporalidad favorecía la aplicación de la huelga de masas. Por otro lado, la interpretación temporal y electoralista de Kautsky lo llevará a criticar los efectos pseudo-serendipios, no controlados por el SPD, que rodeaban este tipo de acción política.
Based on analyses of Maclean’s ranking data pertaining to Canadian universities published over the last 24 years, we present a summary of statistical findings of annual ranking exercises, as well as ...discussion about their current status and the effects upon student welfare. Some illustrative tables are also presented. Using correlational and cluster analyses, for each year, we have found largely nonsignificant, inconsistent, and uninterpretable relations between rank standings of universities and Maclean’s main measures, as well as between rank standings and the many specific indices used to generate these standings. In our opinion, when assessed in terms of their empirical characteristics, the annual data show generally that this system of ranking is highly limited in terms of its practical or academic value to students. Among other difficulties with the interpretation of ranks, we also discuss the possibility that ranking exercises have unintended, though potentially serious, negative consequences for the intellectual and personal welfare of students.
During June 2005, we identified the presence of sediment buried within multi-year channel snowpack of a small river located near Cape Bounty, Melville Island, Nunavut (74° 55' N, 109° 35' W). ...Photographic evidence indicates that the sediment was deposited during the 2003 season by the initial meltwater flowing on the snowpack, which was dammed by snow upstream of a channel constriction. The resulting pond covered a minimum area of 180 m² and contained an estimated minimum 27 Mg of sediment. Suspended sediment measurements during the 2003 season indicate that deposition on the snowpack at this location represented 49%-65% of the sediment transport prior to the ponding and emplacement of the sediment on the snow, and approximately 20% of the measured sediment flux for the entire season. Multi-year snow accumulations immediately downstream exhibited similar sediment deposition on snow, but no evidence of multi-year sediment storage was present. By contrast, a similar stream in an adjacent watershed channelized rapidly, with minimal sediment deposition on the snow, and delivered a large pulse of sediment to the downstream lake. These results provide quantitative evidence for the magnitude of sediment storage on snowpack and point to the unique role that snow plays in the fluvial geomorphology of High Arctic watersheds. /// En juin 2005, nous avons dénoté la présence de sédiment enterré dans une plaque de neige datant de plusieurs années d'une petite rivière située près de cap Bounty, sur l'île Melville, au Nunavut (74° 55' N, 109° 35' O). D'après des preuves photographiques, le sédiment a été déposé pendant la saison 2003 par l'eau de fusion initiale s'écoulant sur la plaque de neige, qui avait été endiguée par la neige en amont d'un canal confiné. L'étang qui en a découlé recouvrait une aire minimale de 180 m² et contenait, selon les estimations, au moins 27 Mg de sédiment. Les mesures de sédiment en suspension pendant la saison 2003 indiquent que ce dépôt sur la plaque de neige à cet endroit représentait entre 49 % et 65 % du transport de sédiment avant l'accumulation d'eau et l'emplacement de sédiment sur la neige, et environ 20% du flux de sédiment mesuré pour toute la saison. Les accumulations de neige de plusieurs années immédiatement en aval comptaient des dépôts de sédiment semblables sur la neige, quoi qu'aucun emmagasinage de sédiment sur plusieurs années n'était présent. Par contraste, un cours d'eau similaire d'un bassin hydrographique adjacent s'est canalisé rapidement, avec peu de dépôts de sédiment sur la neige, puis a laissé une grande quantité de sédiment au lac en aval. Ces résultats fournissent des preuves quantitatives quant à l'ampleur de l'emmagasinage de sédiment sur la plaque de neige et laissent envisager le rôle unique que joue la neige sur la géomorphologie fluviale des bassins hydrographiques de à Extrême-Arctique.
Varved sediments from Nicolay Lake, Canadian High Arctic, record major summer rainfall events over the last five centuries. Increased incidences of summer rainfall occurred during the coldest periods ...of the 'Little Ice Age' and were strongly clustered in the years immediately following major volcanic events. Comparison of the summer rainfall and proxy air temperature records thus provides a fuller understanding of the nature and causes of natural climate variability in the Arctic. Study of the synoptic conditions associated with the two most recent large summer rainfall events suggests that they are associated with the incursion of cold low-pressure systems from the Arctic Ocean Basin. Volcanic activity may produce atmospheric conditions more conducive to the formation of such low-pressure systems, which generate rainfall at low elevations and summer snowfall at higher elevations, thus explaining the correlation between rainfall and summer snow accumulation recorded in ice cores from high-elevation ice caps.
In the neurotoxicology pediatric domain, few neuromotor tests are specifically designed to be sensitive enough for the early detection of subtle deficits in voluntary and involuntary movements. In ...research and clinical domains, an effort is done to objectify or quantify the qualitative aspects of a movement (pattern of movement) in predicting neurological problems. This study aimed to standardize quantitative motor measures initially developed for adults and adapted to the evaluation of preschoolers. The sample consisted of 110 healthy children aged 4–6. The following quantitative neuromotor tests were selected: alternating movements and pointing movements (DOCO Microsystèmes Inc., Montréal, Canada), postural tremor, postural sway and simple reaction time (Danish Product Development Ltd., Snekkersten, Denmark). Validation measures included global motor tasks and a neurological examination. Results indicate adequate test–retest reliability and complementarities amongst the selected voluntary and involuntary measures. Both the feasibility and relevance of quantitative neuromotor tests in preschool aged children were established. Results also provide a representation of intra-individual and inter-individual variability within this population. Lastly, the results highlight the importance of developmental factors, behavioral factors and testing conditions in the neuromotor evaluation of young children. The proposed tests could help in the early detection of children at risk for motor dysfunctions following neurotoxic exposure. The tests can also be used for the follow up of various conditions relating to motor functions (cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, preterm infants) and in the evaluation of the effects of medication.
To determine the repeatability and agreement between a digital camera (monoscopic and stereoscopic images) and the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) in ...determining cup-to-disc ratio. A secondary purpose was to determine the monoscopic and stereoscopic thresholds that maximize specificity and sensitivity when compared with the HRT.
Community living participants aged between 70 and 79 years had their optic discs imaged with a digital nonmydriatic retinal camera (NMRC) and the HRT. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and 95% tolerance limits of change were used to determine repeatability characteristics of the instruments. The agreement between the HRT- and NMRC-derived area cup-to-disc ratios was assessed using weighted kappa statistics and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves.
The agreements between the monoscopic and stereoscopic images and HRT were assessed for 1238 and 1173 eyes, respectively. The reliability measures for both NMRC techniques and HRT were almost perfect (ICC = 0.84-0.99) with narrow tolerance limits of change (9.2%-18.4%) and very small systemic biases (P < 0.05). The agreement between the HRT and both NMRC techniques was substantial, with a weighted kappa = 0.83. The HRT gave a marginally larger area cup-to-disc ratio than the monoscopic and stereoscopic images by 0.008 and 0.006, respectively (P < 0.001). The areas under the ROC curves for both NMRC techniques were 0.98, indicating excellent discriminating characteristics (P < 0.001). An area cup-to-disc ratio cutoff of > or =0.5 for the monoscopic and stereoscopic NMRC was highly specific (94.1% and 91.6%) and sensitive (87.5% and 97.2%, respectively) in determining an HRT-derived area cup-to-disc ratio >0.6.
The monoscopic and stereoscopic digital images showed excellent repeatability and demonstrated substantial agreement with the HRT. The results indicate that the digital NMRC could be a reliable and useful instrument for assessing area cup-to-disc ratio and screening for glaucoma-suspect eyes in the community.
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