Although one may not always see it, social life often involves choices that make people act in ways that are mindful of others or not. We adopt an interdependence theoretical approach to the novel ...concept of social mindfulness, which we conceptualize in terms of other-regarding choices involving both skill (to see it, e.g., theory of mind, perspective taking) and will (to do it, e.g., empathic concern, prosocial orientation) to act mindfully toward another person's control over outcomes. We operationalized social mindfulness in a new social decision-making paradigm that focuses on leaving or limiting choice options for others that we tested across 7 studies. Studies 1a through 1c showed that people with other-oriented mindsets left interdependent others more choice than people with self-oriented and/or unspecified mindsets. Studies 2a and 2b revealed that people developed more favorable judgments of a socially mindful than of a socially unmindful person. Study 3 revealed that unknown others with trustworthy (vs. untrustworthy) faces were met with more social mindfulness. Study 4 revealed that social mindfulness could be traced in personality by being positively related to Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness (HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised) as well as to Empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) and a prosocial value orientation (SVO). Together, these studies contribute to explaining how social mindfulness can help people to navigate the social world by aiming to maximize other people's control over their situational outcomes.
Many theories of trust emphasize that trust is most relevant to behavior in situations involving a conflict of interests. However, it is not clear how trust relates to behavior across situations that ...differ in the degree of conflicting interest: Does trust matter more when the conflict of interest is small or large? According to an interdependence perspective, trust becomes an especially important determinant of behavior in situations involving larger, compared to smaller, degrees of conflicting interests. To examine this perspective, we conducted a meta-analysis involving 212 effect sizes on the relation between trust (both state and dispositional trust in others) and cooperation in social dilemmas-situations that involve varying degrees of conflict between self-interest and collective interest. Results revealed that the positive relation between trust and cooperation is stronger when there is a larger, compared to smaller, degree of conflict. We also examined several other possible moderators of the relation between trust and cooperation. The relation between trust and cooperation was stronger during individual, compared to intergroup, interactions but did not vary as a function of the situation being either a one-shot or repeated interaction. We also find differences across countries in the extent that people condition their own cooperation based on their trust in others. We discuss how the results support an emerging consensus about trust being limited to situations of conflict and address some theoretical and societal implications for our understanding of how and why trust is so important to social interactions and relationships.
Across societies, humans punish norm violations. To date, research on the antecedents and consequences of punishment has largely relied upon agent-based modeling and laboratory experiments. Here, we ...report a longitudinal study documenting punishment responses to norm violations in daily life (k = 1507; N = 257) and test pre-registered hypotheses about the antecedents of direct punishment (i.e., confrontation) and indirect punishment (i.e., gossip and social exclusion). We find that people use confrontation versus gossip in a context-sensitive manner. Confrontation is more likely when punishers have been personally victimized, have more power, and value offenders more. Gossip is more likely when norm violations are severe and when punishers have less power, value offenders less, and experience disgust. Findings reveal a complex punishment psychology that weighs the benefits of adjusting others' behavior against the risks of retaliation.
How effective
are rewards (for cooperation) and punishment (for noncooperation) as tools to
promote cooperation in social dilemmas or situations when immediate
self-interest and longer term ...collective interest conflict? What variables can
promote the impact of these incentives? Although such questions have been
examined, social and behavioral scientists provide different answers. To date,
there is no theoretical and/or quantitative review of rewards and punishments as
incentives for cooperation in social dilemmas. Using a novel
interdependence-theoretic framework, we propose that rewards and punishments
should both promote cooperation, and we identify 2 variables-cost of
incentives and source of incentives-that are predicted to magnify the
effectiveness of these incentives in promoting cooperation. A meta-analysis
involving 187 effect sizes revealed that rewards and punishments exhibited a
statistically equivalent positive effect on cooperation (d =
0.51 and 0.70, respectively). The effectiveness of incentives was stronger when
the incentives were costly to administer, compared to free. Centralization of
incentives did not moderate the effect size. Punishments were also more
effective during iterated dilemmas when participants continued to interact in
the same group, compared to both (a) iterated dilemmas with reassignment to a
new group after each trial and (b) one-shot dilemmas. We also examine several
other potential moderators, such as iterations, partner matching, group size,
country, and participant payment. We discuss broad conclusions, consider
implications for theory, and suggest directions for future research on rewards
and punishment in social dilemmas.
An updated and expanded data set that consists of 214 plagioclase-liquid equilibrium pairs from 40 experimental studies in the literature is used to recalibrate the thermodynamic model for the ...plagioclase-liquid hygrometer of Lange et al. (2009); the updated model is applicable to metaluminous and alkaline magmas. The model is based on the crystal-liquid exchange reaction between the anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) and albite (NaAlSi3O8) components, and all available volumetric and calorimetric data for the pure end-member components are used in the revised model. The activities of the crystalline plagioclase components are taken from Holland and Powell (1992). Of the 214 experiments, 107 are hydrous and 107 are anhydrous. Four criteria were applied for inclusion of experiments in the final data set: (1) crystallinities <30%; (2) pure-H2O fluid saturated; (3) compositional totals (including H2O component) of 97-101% for hydrous quenched glasses and 98.5-101 for anhydrous quenched glasses; and (4) melt viscosities ≤5.2 log10 Pa·s. The final data set spans a wide range in liquid composition (45-80 wt% SiO2; 1-10 wt% Na2O+K2O), plagioclase composition (An17-95), temperature (750-1244°C), pressure (0-350 MPa), and H2O content (0-8.3 wt%). The water solubility model of Zhang et al. (2007) was applied to all hydrous experiments. The standard error estimate on the hygrometer model is 0.35 wt% H2O, and all liquid compositions are fitted equally well. Application of the model as a thermometer recovers temperatures to within ±12°, on average. Tests of the hygrometer on anhydrous piston-cylinder experiments in the literature, not included in the regression, show that the model is accurate at all pressures where plagioclase is stable. Applications of the hygrometer are made to natural rhyolites (Bishop Tuff, Katmai, and TobaTuff) with reported H2O analyses in quartz-hosted melt inclusions from the literature; the results show agreement. Applications of the hygrometer/thermometer are additionally made to natural rhyolites from Iceland and Glass Mountain, California. The updated model can be downloaded either as a program in Excel format or as a MatLab script from the Data Repository.
To better predict ecological consequences of changing Arctic sea ice environments, we aimed to quantify the contribution of ice algae-produced carbon (α
Ice) to pelagic food webs in the central ...Arctic Ocean. Eight abundant under-ice fauna species were submitted to fatty acid (FA) analysis, bulk stable isotope analysis (BSIA) of nitrogen (δ
15N) and carbon (δ
13C) isotopic ratios, and compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of δ
13C in trophic marker FAs. A high mean contribution α
Ice was found in Apherusa glacialis and other sympagic (ice-associated) amphipods (BSIA: 87% to 91%, CSIA: 58% to 92%). The pelagic copepods Calanus glacialis and C. hyperboreus, and the pelagic amphipod Themisto libellula showed substantial, but varying α
Ice values (BSIA: 39% to 55%, CSIA: 23% to 48%). Lowest α
Ice mean values were found in the pteropod Clione limacina (BSIA: 30%, CSIA: 14% to 18%). Intra-specific differences in FA compositions related to two different environmental regimes were more pronounced in pelagic than in sympagic species. A comparison of mixing models using different isotopic approaches indicated that a model using δ
13C signatures from both diatomspecific and dinoflagellate-specific marker FAs provided the most conservative estimate of α
Ice. Our results imply that ecological key species of the central Arctic Ocean thrive significantly on carbon synthesized by ice algae. Due to the close connectivity between sea ice and the pelagic food web, changes in sea ice coverage and ice algal production will likely have important consequences for food web functioning and carbon dynamics of the pelagic system.
The present paper aims to elucidate impacts of climate change on the availability and security of water and energy in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA region; including the Eastern ...Mediterranean) in the context of the water–energy nexus. It largely builds on existing knowledge and understanding and aims to present a review of existing information on this topic. The region is particularly challenged by a number of factors, including the large variability of bio-geographical characteristics, extreme population growth over the last few decades, and substantial societal and economical transitions, as well as armed conflicts in some of the countries in the region. Anticipated changes in climate conditions will exacerbate the challenges regarding water and energy security in the region. Major impacts of climate change include a significant increase in summer temperatures, which will lead to a growing number of heat waves, primarily in urban structures. A general decrease in precipitation in many of the MENA countries is foreseen, resulting in enhanced droughts and a growing number of dry spells. In addressing energy and water scarcities and their mutual interrelationships, an integrated water–energy nexus concept offers promising prospects to improve environmental, climate, human, and political security. However, only very few countries in the MENA region have presently implemented such a concept. Mitigation and adaptation strategies addressing water and energy scarcity include enhanced efficiency of resource use, integrated technology assessments regarding electricity generation, and a stronger reliance on renewable/solar technologies. While looking at the MENA region as a whole, some emphasis will be given to Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean.
The standard petrography test method for measuring air voids in concrete (ASTM C457) requires a meticulous and long examination of sample phase composition under a stereomicroscope. The high ...expertise and specialized equipment discourage this test for routine concrete quality control. Though the task can be alleviated with the aid of color-based image segmentation, additional surface color treatment is required. Recently, deep learning algorithms using convolutional neural networks (CNN) have achieved unprecedented segmentation performance on image testing benchmarks. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using CNN to conduct concrete segmentation without the use of color treatment. The CNN demonstrated a strong potential to process a wide range of concretes, including those not involved in model training. The experimental results showed that CNN outperforms the color-based segmentation by a considerable margin, and has comparable accuracy to human experts. Furthermore, the segmentation time is reduced to mere seconds.
Executive functions might be important for successful performance in sports, particularly in team sports requiring quick anticipation and adaptation to continuously changing situations in the field. ...The executive functions motor inhibition, attention and visuospatial working memory were examined in highly talented soccer players. Eighty-four highly talented youth soccer players (mean age 11.9), and forty-two age-matched amateur soccer players (mean age 11.8) in the age range 8 to 16 years performed a Stop Signal task (motor inhibition), the Attention Network Test (alerting, orienting, and executive attention) and a visuospatial working memory task. The highly talented soccer players followed the talent development program of the youth academy of a professional soccer club and played at the highest national soccer competition for their age. The amateur soccer players played at a regular soccer club in the same geographical region as the highly talented soccer players and play in a regular regional soccer competition. Group differences were tested using analyses of variance. The highly talented group showed superior motor inhibition as measured by stop signal reaction time (SSRT) on the Stop Signal task and a larger alerting effect on the Attention Network Test, indicating an enhanced ability to attain and maintain an alert state. No group differences were found for orienting and executive attention and visuospatial working memory. A logistic regression model with group (highly talented or amateur) as dependent variable and executive function measures that significantly distinguished between groups as predictors showed that these measures differentiated highly talented soccer players from amateur soccer players with 89% accuracy. Highly talented youth soccer players outperform youth amateur players on suppressing ongoing motor responses and on the ability to attain and maintain an alert state; both may be essential for success in soccer.
The efficacy of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is low
, highlighting a need for strategies that render the tumor microenvironment ...more sensitive to PD-1 blockade. Preclinical research has suggested immunomodulatory properties for chemotherapy and irradiation
. In the first stage of this adaptive, non-comparative phase 2 trial, 67 patients with metastatic TNBC were randomized to nivolumab (1) without induction or with 2-week low-dose induction, or with (2) irradiation (3 × 8 Gy), (3) cyclophosphamide, (4) cisplatin or (5) doxorubicin, all followed by nivolumab. In the overall cohort, the objective response rate (ORR; iRECIST
) was 20%. The majority of responses were observed in the cisplatin (ORR 23%) and doxorubicin (ORR 35%) cohorts. After doxorubicin and cisplatin induction, we detected an upregulation of immune-related genes involved in PD-1-PD-L1 (programmed death ligand 1) and T cell cytotoxicity pathways. This was further supported by enrichment among upregulated genes related to inflammation, JAK-STAT and TNF-α signaling after doxorubicin. Together, the clinical and translational data of this study indicate that short-term doxorubicin and cisplatin may induce a more favorable tumor microenvironment and increase the likelihood of response to PD-1 blockade in TNBC. These data warrant confirmation in TNBC and exploration of induction treatments prior to PD-1 blockade in other cancer types.
PDF
