In vitro evaluations were made to evaluate the efficacy of 1-octen-3-ol on five ixodid larval stages using Petridish bioassay. The species of the ruminant ticks which are common in Indian sub ...continent including Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, Hyalomma marginatum and dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus were made use in the current study. Amongst the ruminant tick larvae tested with 1-octen-3-ol, maximum attraction of 72 per cent and 71 per cent was recorded for H. marginatum and if. microplus respectively while H. bispinosa and if. haemaphysaloides showed 52 and 50 per cent attraction respectively, 1-octen-3-ol being a compound found characteristically in bovine odour failed to evoke any response (questing/attraction) in the brown dog tick. Key words: 1-octen-3-ol, ruminant kairomones, ixodid tick larvae, India, Tamil Nadu U raduje istrazena in vitro ucinkovitost 1-okten-3-ola, sastojka karakteristicnog mirisa goveda, na licinke pet razlicitih vrsta krpeljaprezivacakoji se javljaju u Indiji: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Medu pretrazenim krpeljima privlacnost u iznosu od 72% bila je dokazana za krpelja H. marginatum te 71% za krpelja R. microplus. Manja privlacnost zabiljezena je za H. bispinosa i R. haemaphysaloides (52 i 50%). Isti sastojak uopce ne privlaci krpelja R. sanguineus. Kljucne rijeci: 1-okten-3-ol, kairomoni prezivaca, licinke, Ixodidae, Indija, Tamil Nadu
Tissue engineering aims to exploit the regenerative capacity of cells and connect the inherent ability of the body to repair and regenerate. Cells are seeded onto a porous three-dimensional scaffold ...in tissue engineering, which will provide protection and direct cells to the development of new tissue-like structures. These scaffolds can provide a medium for the delivery, under controlled conditions of growth factors release and drug delivery. Herein, nanocellulose was extracted from
Ixora coccinea
L. plant root, plasticized scaffold of nanocellulose were prepared by using glycerol, gelatin, and PEG 600 followed by morphological characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and tensile modulus analysis. FTIR indicated extracted nanocellulose is without any hemicelluloses, lignin, and non-cellulosic materials. XRD data displayed the extracted nanocellulose has a crystal size of around 3.6 nm while SEM data revealed the fiber diameter was around 20 µm. In the tensile modulus analysis, 1% PEG 600 exhibited the highest (tensile strength 69 MPa with young’s modulus 67.326 MPa) as compared to glycerol and gelatin and hence selected for further studies. The In vitro cytocompatibility studies revealed that nanocellulose and 1% PEG 600 incorporated nanocellulose scaffolds were cell-friendly, promote cell proliferation, and do not show RBC aggregation as well as haemolysis suggesting its potential in various tissue engineering applications. The novelty of this work is that the nanocellulose extracted from the root of
I. coccinea
has traditional medicinal values in Ayurveda.
Display omitted
•A multiplex PCR to detect the DNA of two intracellular blood parasites (Babesia spp and Ehrlichia canis) and an extracellular blood parasite (Trypanosoma evansi) of dog was evaluated ...using field samples with high level of diagnostic specificity (97.5, E = 0.025–100%, E = 0.008).•The diagnostic sensitivity of multiplex PCR was low (40.45%, E = 0.1) to moderate (66.7%, E = 0.11) in detection of Babesia spp and E. canis, respectively when compared with singular PCR. However, the diagnostic sensitivity of multiplex PCR in the detection of T. evansi (95%, E = 0.065) is comparable with singular PCR.•The strength of agreement between singular PCR and multiplex PCR in detection of Babesia spp (Kappa value = 0.445 ± 0.057) and E. canis (Kappa value = 0.708 ± 0.052) was designated as ‘moderate’ and ‘good’, respectively. Whereas, the strength of agreement was ‘very good’ between the two tests in detection of T. evansi (Kappa value = 0.968 ± 0.018).•The multiplex PCR amplicon size is negatively correlated with sensitivity (R= -0.99) and specificity (R= −0.83).The GC content of forward and reverse primers is positively correlated (R = 0.62, R = 0.78) with specificity.•The multiplex PCR was found to be 10 fold less sensitive when compared to the singular PCR counterpart.
A multiplex PCR test was evaluated to detect the DNA of three important dog haemoparasites by comparing with singular PCR counterpart on clinical blood samples of dogs in and around Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Initial screening of samples was done by microscopic examination of peripheral blood smear and singular PCR and those found exclusively positive for Babesia spp, Ehrlichia canis and Trypanosoma evansi and concurrent infections were used to standardize multiplex PCR. Amplicons of 619 bp, 377 bp and 227 bp corresponding to Babesia spp (18S rRNA gene), E. canis (VirB9 gene), and T.evansi (VSG gene) respectively were amplified, without any non-specific amplification. The laboratory sensitivity (91.7% to 100%) and specificity (100%) of the multiplex PCR were calculated using ‘true positive’ and ‘true negative’ dog blood samples obtained in the initial screening process. Clinical blood samples from 287 dogs were screened using singular PCR and multiplex PCR tests for the presence of genome of Babesia spp, E. canis and T. evansi. The multiplex PCR was found to have high level of diagnostic specificity (97.5%–100%) in the detection of all three dog blood parasites and high level of diagnostic sensitivity (95%) in the detection of T. evansi from field level clinical blood samples compared to the singular PCR. However, the diagnostic sensitivity of the multiplex PCR was found to be low to moderate (40.45%–66.7%) in detection of Babesia spp and E. canis from field level clinical blood samples. The strength of agreement between singular and multiplex PCR assays was ‘moderate’ (0.445), ‘good’ (0.708) and ‘very good’ (0.968) in detection of DNA of Babesia spp, E. canis and T. evansi. The multiplex PCR was found to be 10 fold less sensitive in comparison with the singular PCR counterpart.
U radu je istražena in vitro učinkovitost 1-okten-3-ola, sastojka karakterističnog mirisa goveda, na ličinke pet različitih vrsta krpelja preživača koji se javljaju u Indiji: Rhipicephalus ...(Boophilus) microplus, Haemaphysalisž bispinosa, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Među pretraženim krpeljima privlačnost u iznosu od 72% bila je dokazana za krpelja H. marginatum te 71% za krpelja R. microplus. Manja privlačnost zabilježena je za H. bispinosa i R. haemaphysaloides (52 i 50%). Isti sastojak uopće ne privlači krpelja R. sanguineus.
•Consistency of PMI estimated using six thermal summation constants was good to excellent.•The variation in the mean difference of PMI was higher in thermal summation methods based on C. ...rufifacies.•This study reconfirmed that the PMI is a range of value and not a single number.•Chrysomya megacephala and C. rufifacies based thermal summation constants explained 93% to 99% variance in the estimation of PMI.•Described field reliable thermal summation constants of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies for PMI estimation with lowest margin of error.
This study is based on blow fly samples collected from 8 medico-legal cases in Tamil Nadu, India. The fly life stages were identified and the consistency of minimum post-mortem intervals (PMImin) estimated by different thermal summation-based methods was assessed.
PMImin of 8 medico-legal cases was estimated using six different thermal summation constants and lower developmental temperatures that are based on C. megacephala and C. rufifacies developmental data. Limits of agreement (LoA), intra class correlation coefficient (ICC) between PMImin values and margin of error of mean of difference between PMImin values were calculated.
Intra-class correlation between the PMImin values estimated using different thermal summation constants based on C. megacephala ranged between 0.89 and 0.98 and coefficient of determination ranged between 0.93 and 0.98. Intra-class correlation between the PMImin values estimated using different thermal summation constants based on C. rufifacies ranged between 0.91 and 0.99 and coefficient of determination ranged between 0.95 and 0.99. The mean difference of PMImin values estimated using different thermal summation methods based on C. megacephala ranged between 1.8 hr and 6.6hr and margin of error ranged between 2.51 and 6.93hr. The mean difference of PMImin values estimated using different thermal summation methods based on C. rufifacies ranged between 3.33 and 31.33hr and margin of error ranged between 4.66 and 32hr.
Consistency of PMImin values estimated by different thermal summation methods was good to excellent. Thermal summation constants useful in estimation of PMImin with lowest mean difference and margin of error were described.
The effect of an Assembly Pheromone – Deltamethrin complex (AP – D complex) on the larvae of five ixodid tick species viz. Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. microplus, R. haemaphysaloides, Hyalomma ...marginatum and Haemaphysalis bispinosa, as well as the adults of R. sanguineus and R. microplus, was assessed by in vitro bioassays. All the larval as well as adult stages of ticks exposed to the AP – D complex were lured and killed within 24 hours of exposure, except H. bispinosa. Exposure to the AP – D complex for an hour resulted in 70%, 95%, 90%, 90%, 95% mortality of the larval stages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. microplus, R. haemaphysaloides, H. bispinosa and H. marginatum respectively. No mortality was observed when the larval stages of the five tick species were exposed to AP alone (positive control). Exposure of adults to the AP – D complex for an hour resulted 92% and 90% mortality of R. microplus and R. sanguineus, respectively. Negligible mortality was recorded in adult ticks exposed to deltamethrin alone (Negative control), while no mortality was recorded when exposed only to AP (Positive control). Hence, the AP – D complex is better in luring and killing ticks than AP or D alone, regardless of the life stage. Our results suggest that the development of a sustained release AP – D complex device may be an effective means of controlling ticks in India.
•Nanoparticles were used for the first time to encapsulate assembly pheromone of R. sanguineus.•Gold nanoparticle as a vehicle assembly pheromone baited traps was found to be very effective.•The ...sticky trap device uses assembly pheromone without any acaricides.•The sticky trap device uses assembly pheromone without any acaricides.•The device is most suitable as a green technology for use in Integrated Pest Management.•The use of assembly pheromone baited traps has a good potential for use in controlling tick infestations in dog kennels.
A novel ecofriendly sticky tick trap device for the control of dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus using gold nanoparticle assembly pheromone complex as a bait was developed. Assembly pheromones comprising of guanine, xanthine and adenine in the ratio of 25:1:1 was encapsulated in gold nanoparticle. The response of the different stages of unfed R. sanguineus ticks was evaluated using petridish bioassay. Statistical analysis was done using chi-square test. Petridish bioassay with unfed stages of R. sanguineus revealed that 100% of the larvae, nymph and adults were attracted to assembly pheromone nanogold complex within 24h. Of the 952 ticks trapped, ticks of different stages trapped in total by the baited sticky trap device, 543 (57%) were engorged and 409 (43%) were unfed ticks. The study revealed that assembly pheromone baited traps has the potential to control tick infestations in dog kennels.
Recently, Aluminum and its alloys have been receiving major attention as matrix materials because of their excellent properties such as light density, good strength, stiffness, wear resistance and ...improved thermal, electrical properties, and importantly high strength to weight ratio. The mechanical characterization and optimization of machining parameters of any materials are the crucial things in many engineering applications. In this context, the study is made on the behavior of cutting parameters of Aluminum based composite materials (Al-B4C). The present investigation concentrates on optimization of the cutting parameters for improving machinability of Aluminum Alloy (AA1100) Boron Carbide (B4C) composites by considering surface roughness and cutting forces as response variables. Taguchi’s method is employed to determine optimum process parameters for dry turning of AA1100-B4C. L9 orthogonal array is employed for the experimental design. Finally Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is performed to know the impact of individual factors on surface roughness and cutting forces. Results obtained by Taguchi method and ANOVA closely match. It is observed that reinforcement percentage by weight and cutting speed are most influencing parameters. Multiple regression equations are formulated for estimating predicted values of surface roughness and cutting forces.
A study was undertaken to find out the efficacy of (Z)-9-Tricosene in attracting flies in a garbage dump yard using a plywood sticky glue trap with fish meal as a food bait. (Z)-9-Tricosene was ...dissolved in acetone or hexane before application on a filter paper strip fixed at the centre of the trap. The traps were left in areas of the garbage dump yard of high fly activity for 6 h and then the trapped flies were counted species wise. Significantly more number of Musca domestica flies were caught in (Z)-9-Tricosene treated fish meal baited traps compared to those traps without (Z)-9-Tricosene. No significant difference was noted in trap catches in (Z)-9-Tricosene treated traps between the solvents acetone and hexane. In addition Sarcophaga sp. and Chrysomyia sp. flies were also caught in the traps.
PDF
