The ‘research‐teaching nexus’ means integrating disciplined‐based research into course content to develop students’ research ability. Though such integration has been investigated in various higher ...education content areas, no previous CALL teacher education research seems to have addressed it. This study explored how research should be integrated into a graduate CALL course and how such integration influences students’ research awareness and skills. The content‐focused and process‐focused forms of the research‐teaching nexus were integrated into a graduate CALL course taught in a language teacher education programme at an Arab university. The course was taught to a group of female MA student teachers for a 15‐week academic term. Qualitative data was collected using observation and an open‐end questionnaire within an action research framework. The students reported positive evaluation of research integration into the CALL course. Meanwhile, the observational data indicates that research integration has fostered their CALL research awareness and enabled them to learn how to craft some key research elements, namely developing research titles and questions, and selecting the research method. The results generally imply that developing students’ CALL research skills through the process‐focused teaching forms is a more complicated task than enhancing their research awareness via the content‐focused ones.
Lay Description
There is a need for the studies showing how to integrate research into CALL course content.
The study explored how research integration into a graduate CALL course influenced students' research awareness and skills.
The students' evaluation of research integration into the CALL course was very positive.
Developing students' CALL research skills is a more challenging task than enhancing their research awareness.
ABSTRACT Observations of quasars at suggest the presence of black holes with a few times . Numerous models have been proposed to explain their existence, including a direct collapse, which provides ...massive seeds of . The isothermal direct collapse requires a strong Lyman-Werner (LW) flux to quench formation in massive primordial halos. In this study, we explore the impact of trace amounts of metals and dust enrichment. We perform three-dimensional cosmological simulations for two halos of with illuminated by an intense LW flux of . Our results show that initially the collapse proceeds isothermally with K, but dust cooling becomes effective at densities of and brings the gas temperature down to a few 100-1000 K for . No gravitationally bound clumps are found in the cases by the end of our simulations, in contrast to the case with . Large inflow rates of are observed for , similar to a zero-metallicity case, while for the inflow rate starts to decline earlier because of dust cooling and fragmentation. For given large inflow rates, a central star of may form for .
The variability of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) simulated in a multimillenial control integration of the Kiel Climate Model (KCM) displays enhanced variability relative to the red ...background at decadal and centennial timescales. The multidecadal variability is the model's version of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV), often referred to as Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). While multidecadal variability originates in the North Atlantic, multicentennial variability is driven in the Southern Ocean. Both multidecadal and multicentennial variability are associated with considerable changes in sea ice extent. This may be important to understand the different evolution of sea ice cover in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere during the most recent decades, with a strong decline observed in the North and almost no trend in the South.
Our understanding of Population III star formation is still in its infancy. They are formed in dark matter minihaloes of 105–106 M⊙ at z = 20–30. Recent high-resolution cosmological simulations show ...that a protostellar disc forms as a consequence of gravitational collapse and fragments into multiple clumps. However, it is not entirely clear if these clumps will be able to survive to form multiple stars as simulations are unable to follow the disc evolution for longer times. In this study, we employ a simple analytical model to derive the properties of marginally stable steady-state discs. Our results show that the stability of the disc depends on the critical value of the viscous parameter α. For αcrit = 1, the disc is stable for an accretion rate of ≤10−3 M⊙ yr−1 and becomes unstable at radii about
${\ge } 100 \,\mathrm{{\rm au}}$
in the presence of an accretion rate of 10−2 M⊙ yr−1. For 0.06 < αcrit < 1, the disc can be unstable for both accretion rates. The comparison of the migration and the Kelvin–Helmholtz time-scales shows that clumps are expected to migrate inwards before reaching the main sequence. Furthermore, in the presence of a massive central star, the clumps within the central 1 au will be tidally disrupted. We also find that UV feedback from the central star is unable to disrupt the disc, and that photoevaporation becomes important only once the accretion rate has dropped to 2 × 10−4 M⊙ yr−1. As a result, the central star may reach a mass of 100 M⊙ or even higher.
A long-standing problem in climate models is the large sea surface salinity (SSS) biases in the North Atlantic. In this study, we describe the influences of correcting these SSS biases on the ...circulation of the North Atlantic as well as on North Atlantic sector mean climate and decadal to multidecadal variability. We performed integrations of the Kiel Climate Model (KCM) with and without applying a freshwater flux correction over the North Atlantic. The quality of simulating the mean circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic sector mean climate and decadal variability is greatly enhanced in the freshwater flux-corrected integration which, by definition, depicts relatively small North Atlantic SSS biases. In particular, a large reduction in the North Atlantic cold sea surface temperature bias is observed and a more realistic Atlantic Multidecadal Variability simulated. Improvements relative to the non-flux corrected integration also comprise a more realistic representation of deep convection sites, sea ice, gyre circulation and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. The results suggest that simulations of North Atlantic sector mean climate and decadal variability could strongly benefit from alleviating sea surface salinity biases in the North Atlantic, which may enhance the skill of decadal predictions in that region.
This paper describes the mean ocean circulation and the tropical variability simulated by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM). ...Results are presented from a version of the coupled model that served as a prototype for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) simulations. The model does not require flux adjustment to maintain a stable climate. A control simulation with present-day greenhouse gases is analyzed, and the simulation of key oceanic features, such as sea surface temperatures (SSTs), large-scale circulation, meridional heat and freshwater transports, and sea ice are compared with observations.
A parameterization that accounts for the effect of ocean currents on surface wind stress is implemented in the model. The largest impact of this parameterization is in the tropical Pacific, where the mean state is significantly improved: the strength of the trade winds and the associated equatorial upwelling weaken, and there is a reduction of the model’s equatorial cold SST bias by more than 1 K. Equatorial SST variability also becomes more realistic. The strength of the variability is reduced by about 30% in the eastern equatorial Pacific and the extension of SST variability into the warm pool is significantly reduced. The dominant El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) period shifts from 3 to 4 yr. Without the parameterization an unrealistically strong westward propagation of SST anomalies is simulated. The reasons for the changes in variability are linked to changes in both the mean state and to a reduction in atmospheric sensitivity to SST changes and oceanic sensitivity to wind anomalies.
Abstract
Black holes with masses of $\rm 10^6\text{-}10^9\,M_{\odot }$ dwell in the centres of most galaxies, but their formation mechanisms are not well known. A subdominant dissipative component of ...dark matter with similar properties to the ordinary baryons, known as mirror dark matter, may collapse to form massive black holes during the epoch of first galaxies formation. In this study, we explore the possibility of massive black hole formation via this alternative scenario. We perform three-dimensional cosmological simulations for four distinct haloes and compare their thermal, chemical, and dynamical evolution in both the ordinary and the mirror sectors. We find that the collapse of haloes is significantly delayed in the mirror sector due to the lack of $\rm H_2$ cooling and only haloes with masses above $\rm \ge\!10^7\, M_{\odot }$ are formed. Overall, the mass inflow rates are $\rm \ge\!10^{-2}\,M_{\odot }\,yr^{ -1}$ and there is less fragmentation. This suggests that the conditions for the formation of massive objects, including black holes, are more favourable in the mirror sector.
Abstract
Although a number of studies have surveyed the challenges of remote English instruction imposed by COVID-19, a main research gap yet to be addressed is examining the relevant pedagogic ...experiences and suggestions given in language teacher educators’ blogs. Through analysing fifty-one blogs posted by teacher educators on four well-known language education websites, this study attempted to identify their perceived COVID-19-related online English language instruction challenges and suggested coping strategies. Analysing the blogs revealed nine main perceived online English teaching challenges associated with the teacher, learner, and online instruction implementation. To overcome these challenges, the teacher educators suggested seventeen main coping strategies pertinent to planning for online teaching, managing online classrooms, supporting students’ mental health, enhancing students’ ability to use/access technology, fostering active language learning engagement and motivation, and promoting teacher professional practices and wellbeing.
The climate of the North Atlantic region exhibits fluctuations on decadal timescales that have large societal consequences. Prominent examples include hurricane activity in the Atlantic, and ...surface-temperature and rainfall variations over North America, Europe and northern Africa. Although these multidecadal variations are potentially predictable if the current state of the ocean is known, the lack of subsurface ocean observations that constrain this state has been a limiting factor for realizing the full skill potential of such predictions. Here we apply a simple approach-that uses only sea surface temperature (SST) observations-to partly overcome this difficulty and perform retrospective decadal predictions with a climate model. Skill is improved significantly relative to predictions made with incomplete knowledge of the ocean state, particularly in the North Atlantic and tropical Pacific oceans. Thus these results point towards the possibility of routine decadal climate predictions. Using this method, and by considering both internal natural climate variations and projected future anthropogenic forcing, we make the following forecast: over the next decade, the current Atlantic meridional overturning circulation will weaken to its long-term mean; moreover, North Atlantic SST and European and North American surface temperatures will cool slightly, whereas tropical Pacific SST will remain almost unchanged. Our results suggest that global surface temperature may not increase over the next decade, as natural climate variations in the North Atlantic and tropical Pacific temporarily offset the projected anthropogenic warming.
Baryonic streaming motions produced prior to the epoch of recombination became supersonic during the cosmic dark ages. Various studies suggest that such streaming velocities change the halo ...statistics and also influence the formation of Population III stars. In this study, we aim to explore the impact of streaming velocities on the formation of supermassive black holes at z>10 via the direct collapse scenario. To accomplish this goal, we perform cosmological large eddy simulations for two haloes of a few times 107M⊙ with initial streaming velocities of 3, 6 and 9 km s−1. These massive primordial haloes illuminated by the strong Lyman–Werner flux are the potential cradles for the formation of direct collapse seed black holes. To study the evolution for longer times, we employ sink particles and track the accretion for 10 000 years. Our findings show that higher streaming velocities increase the circular velocities from about 14 to 16 km s−1. They also delay the collapse of haloes for a few million years, but do not have any significant impact on the halo properties such as turbulent energy, radial velocity, density and accretion rates. Sink particles of about ∼105M⊙ are formed at the end of our simulations and no clear distribution of sink masses is observed in the presence of streaming motions. It is further found that the impact of streaming velocities is less severe in massive haloes compared to the minihaloes as reported in the previous studies.
PDF
