Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of clinical traits directly linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, whose prevalence has been rising nationally and internationally. We ...aimed to evaluate ten known and novel surrogate markers of insulin resistance and obesity to identify MetS in Mexican adults. The present cross-sectional study analyzed 10575 participants from ENSANUT-2018. The diagnosis of MetS was based on the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, stratified by sex and age group. According to ATP III, the best biomarker was the metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR) in men aged 20–39 and 40–59 years and lipid accumulation product (LAP) in those aged ≥60 years. The best biomarker was LAP in women aged 20–39 and triglyceride–glucose index (TyG) in those aged 40–59 and ≥60 years. Using the IDF criteria, the best biomarker was LAP in men of all ages. TyG gave the best results in women of all ages. The best biomarker for diagnosis of MetS in Mexican adults depends on the criteria, including sex and age group. LAP and TyG are easy to obtain, inexpensive, and especially useful at the primary care level.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and quinones in the gas phase and as submicron particles raise concerns due to their potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. The majority of ...existing studies have investigated the formation of quinones, but it is also important to consider both the primary and secondary sources to estimate their contributions. The objectives of this study were to characterize PAHs and quinones in the gas and particulate matter (PM1) phases in order to identify phase distributions, sources, and cancer risk at two urban monitoring sites in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (GMA) in Mexico. The simultaneous gas and PM1 phases samples were analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The lifetime lung cancer risk (LCR) due to PAH exposure was calculated to be 1.7 × 10−3, higher than the recommended risk value of 10−6, indicating a potential health hazard. Correlations between parent PAHs, criteria pollutants, and meteorological parameters suggest that primary sources are the main contributors to the Σ8 Quinones concentrations in PM1, while the secondary formation of 5,12-naphthacenequinone and 9,10-anthraquinone may contribute less to the observed concentration of quinones. Additionally, naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and anthracene in PM1, suggest photochemical degradation into unidentified species. Further research is needed to determine how these compounds are formed.
Measurements of inspiratory capacity (IC) and vital capacity (VC) are used to recognize dynamic hyperinflation, but appropriate reference values are required to achieve accurate clinical ...interpretations. Altitude above sea level is a potential determining factor for lung volumes, including IC and VC.
To describe IC and VC for healthy people who live in Mexico City at an altitude of 2,240 m above sea level.
Healthy subjects ages 9-81 y completed slow spirometry by following 2005 American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society standards. Once associations were explored, linear regression models were constructed and values were compared with those from previously published equations.
A total of 441 healthy subjects (55.1% women) participated. The mean age was 32 y (minimum age, 9 y; maximum age, 81 y). IC and VC measurements were associated with sex, age, height, and weight. An accelerated increase in IC and VC was evident from 9 to 20 y of age, followed by a gradual decrease in both sexes. In general, IC was higher in our population than predicted by previously published reference equations.
IC in healthy people at 2,240 m above sea level was higher than that of previous reports about European and Latin-American subjects of the same height, sex, and age who were at sea level. The present study provided robust reference values for persons who lived at a moderate altitude.
The Diplostomida Olson, Cribb, Tkach, Bray & Littlewood, 2003 is the less diverse order of the two orders within the subclass Digenea Carus, 1863 and is currently classified into three superfamilies, ...i.e. Brachylaimoidea Joyeux & Foley, 1930, Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886, and Schistosomatoidea Stiles & Hassall, 1898. Although the suprageneric-level relationships have been elucidated with the use of molecular markers, the lack of representation of some groups obscure the phylogenetic relationships among families, rendering the classification unstable. Here, we tested the phylogenetic position of the family Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, 1936 based on partial 28S rDNA and complete 18S rDNA sequences for
Crocodilicola pseudostoma
(Willemoes-Suhm, 1870), a crocodile parasite that has been found as a progenetic metacercaria parasitising the pale catfish
Rhamdia guatemalensis
(Günther) in Mexico and in other siluruforms in the Neotropics. We augmented the representation of the species, genera and families within the Diplostomida, including mostly representatives of the superfamily Diplostomoidea, and assembled a dataset that contains 49 species for the 28S rRNA gene, and 45 species for the 18S rRNA gene. Additionally, we explored the phylogenetic signal of the mitochondrial gene
cox
1 in reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships of selected members of the superfamily. Our analyses showed that the family Proterodiplostomidae is the sister taxon to the paraphyletic Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886 and Strigeidae Railliet, 1919, with Cyathocotylidae Mühling, 1898 + Brauninidae Wolf, 1903 as their sister group. Analysis of concatenated 18S + 28S sequences revealed the Liolopidae Odhner, 1912 as the basal group of the superfamily Diplostomoidea, although analyses of independent datasets showed that the position of this family remains uncertain. Analysis based on
cox
1 unequivocally resolved the Proterodiplostomidae as the sister taxon to the Diplostomidae and Strigeidae, although the Cyathocotylidae was nested in a different clade, along with brachylaimoids and schistosomatoids.
The genus
Rhabdochona
includes more than 100 species infecting freshwater fishes in all zoogeographical regions of the world. In Mexico, 12 nominal species of
Rhabdochona
have been recorded. Of ...these,
Rhabdochona ictaluri
was originally described as a parasite of endemic catfishes of the family Ictaluridae; however, the species was later considered on morphological grounds as a junior synonym of
Rhabdochona kidderi
. In this study, newly sampled specimens of
R. ictaluri
were obtained from the type host and type locality and were used to perform a detailed morphological analysis and molecular phylogenetic inferences through one mitochondrial and two nuclear genes; data were used in an integrative taxonomy context to test the taxonomic status of
R. ictaluri
. This approach proved to be very useful to confirm the validity of this species, and robust species limits were established between these two putative species considering morphology, molecular data, host association, and biogeography.
Integrative taxonomy uses several sources of information to establish more robust species delimitation criteria. In this study, we followed that approach to describe two new species of allocreadiid ...trematodes from freshwater fish distributed in locations across Middle America. The new species were first recognized by using sequences of the domains D1–D3 of the ribosomal 28S rRNA gene and then, morphological data (light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)), host association, and geographical distribution were considered as additional sources of information to complement the species delimitation and description.
Auriculostoma tica
n. sp. was found in the intestine of
Gymnotus maculosus
Albert and Miller in Costa Rica, while
Wallinia anindoi
n. sp. was found in the intestine of
Astyanax aeneus
(Günther) in Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico, as well as in a location of Guatemala. A phylogenetic analysis combining newly generated sequences of the two new species along with those available for other allocreadiids in GenBank, revealed that isolates of each species are reciprocally monophyletic, and also their interrelationships:
Au. tica
n. sp. is a sister taxon of
Auriculostoma totonacapanensis
Razo-Mendivil et al., 2014, and
W. anindoi
n. sp. is a sister taxon of
Wallinia brasiliensis
Dias, et al., 2018. Genetic distances for the 28S rRNA gene were estimated among the American species of allocreadiids and further supported the validity of the new species.
Toroidal transformers are currently used only in low-voltage applications. There is no published experience for toroidal transformer design at distribution-level voltages. This paper explores the ...lightning impulse response of toroidal distribution transformers in order to obtain a dielectric design able to withstand standardized impulse tests. Three-dimensional finite-element simulations are performed to determine the capacitance matrix on a turn-to-turn basis. Then, a lumped parameter RLC model is applied to predict the transient response of the winding as well as to obtain the potential distribution along the winding and corresponding dielectric stresses. The model computes the impulse potential distribution and the dynamic (interturn and interlayer) dielectric stresses. Different insulation design strategies are proposed by means of electrostatic shielding and variation of the interlayer insulation.
Human population is exposed to numerous parasitic ichthyozoonoses. Although Tamaulipas state (northeastern Mexico) is well known for its fishing and aquaculture industry, there are few reports of ...this type of zoonosis. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate whether the parasites that affect these fish may represent a zoonotic risk for the inhabitants of the area.
The objective of this study was to identify molecular and/or morphologically muscle parasites of fish from coastal locations in Tamaulipas, Mexico, and assess the risk of infection for humans. Between 2017 and 2018, 764 individual fish belonging to 28 species were examined for parasites. Collected worms were processed for their identification using morphological characteristics. In addition, partial sequences of the large subunit (28S) ribosomal RNA gene were obtained from some species to corroborate their identity. Prevalence and mean intensity of all registered infections were calculated. A total of seven species of parasites were found: cestodes (Poecilancistrium caryophyllum), trematodes (Clinostomum tataxumui, Clinostomum cichlidorum), nematodes (Eustrongylides sp., Contracaecum sp.) and pentastomids (Sebekia purdieae, Sebekia sp.). Parasites infected 10 species belonging to different fish families (Ariidae, Centrarchidae, Centropomidae, Cichlidae, Eleotridae, Ictaluridae, Mugilidae and Sciaenidae). Congeneric species of parasites or related to those registered in this study have been identified as zoonotic agents in other regions of the world. Despite the low levels of infection (2.6–16.6% prevalence and 1–5.5 parasites per infected host), there is a latent risk of transmission to humans, so it is recommended to avoid eating raw or undercooked fish meat.
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•Fish species for human consumption in Tamaulipas are infected with larval parasites.•Species of platyhelminthes, nematodes and pentastomids were identified taxonomically.•Parasites were related to species known as etiological agents of human parasitosis.•Infection levels were low, but there is a latent risk of human infections.
The freshwater fish digenean Pseudosellacotyla lutzi (Freitas, 1941) Yamaguti, 1954 has had an unsettled taxonomic history, and has at various times been classified as a member of Nanophyetidae, ...Heterophyidae, Microphallidae, Faustulidae, and Cryptogonimidae. Nine individual specimens of the trahira, Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794), were sampled in the Paraná River basin, Paraná State, Brazil; 22 specimens of P. lutzi were collected. One specimen of P. lutzi was used to obtain a sequence of the domains D1–D3 of the 28S rRNA gene, and to perform a phylogenetic analysis to assess their position and classification within Plagiorchiida. The resulting tree unequivocally shows that the species, along with acanthostomines, belong to the Cryptogonimidae, corroborating recent findings based on the morphology of the cercariae, and in the characteristics of the life cycle. In addition, the study of the ultrastructure of the tegumental spines through scanning electron microscopy allowed us to characterize them as pectinate spines possessing 3 to 8 digitiform projections at their distal end and extending from the anterior to the posterior extremity of the body. This study also provides the first molecular data for a cryptogonimid from South America.
This was a single-site cohort study to evaluate the safety of a new transcervical device (VizAblate™) combining real-time intrauterine sonography with radiofrequency (RF) ablation for the treatment ...of fibroids. Nineteen women with uterine fibroids received treatment with the VizAblate System in a closed abdomen setting prior to hysterectomy. Twelve of these subjects underwent an immediate abdominal hysterectomy after radiofrequency ablation (acute group), while the remaining seven underwent hysterectomy on post-ablation days 16 and 17 (subacute group). Uteri were sectioned and stained with the viability stain triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to quantify fibroid ablation dimensions and assess the serosa for thermal injury. Subjects in the subacute group were treated with the VizAblate System under conscious sedation; they provided pain and tolerability data for the interval from ablation through hysterectomy, and indicated overall procedural satisfaction. Twenty-two ablations ranging from 1.8 to 36.2 cm
3
were created among 19 subjects within 20 fibroids and one region of adenomyosis. There were no complications or thermal serosal injury. For subjects in the subacute group receiving one ablation, the mean total procedure time was 25.8 ± 6.0 min (range 18–32 min). All subjects in the subacute group were discharged within 2 h of the VizAblate procedure. For fibroids ≤ 5 cm, 67.2% ± 27.0% of the fibroid volume was ablated (range 15–100%; median 75%). Transcervical RF ablation of fibroids under intrauterine sonographic guidance with the VizAblate system can be accomplished with a high degree of reliability and without adverse events.
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