The Ecology and Evolution of Stoichiometric Phenotypes Leal, Miguel C.; Seehausen, Ole; Matthews, Blake
Trends in ecology & evolution (Amsterdam),
February 2017, 2017-02-00, 20170201, Letnik:
32, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Ecological stoichiometry has generated new insights into how the balance of elements affects ecological interactions and ecosystem processes, but little is known about the ecological and evolutionary ...dynamics of stoichiometric traits. Understanding the origins and drivers of stoichiometric trait variation between and within species will improve our understanding about the ecological responses of communities to environmental change and the ecosystem effects of organisms. In addition, studying the plasticity, heritability, and genetic basis of stoichiometric traits might improve predictions about how organisms adapt to changing environmental conditions, and help to identify interactions and feedbacks between phenotypic evolution and ecosystem processes.
There is growing evidence for intraspecific variation in stoichiometric traits of animals, for a genetic basis of this variation, and for rapid evolution of these traits. In light of such observations, ecological stoichiometry has the potential to address evolutionary processes and identify mechanisms by which environmental heterogeneity drives the origins of biological diversity.
We suggest that addressing the evolution of stoichiometric reaction-norms could help in understanding when, and to what extent, variability in elemental phenotype in natural populations is due to plasticity of stoichiometric traits or genetic variation. We also propose strengthening the link between stoichiometric trait variability and fitness by building on nutritional geometry theory and function-valued methods. In addition, and because stoichiometric traits may not only respond to environmental variation but also influence ecosystem dynamics, studying the elemental phenotypes can contribute to our understanding of the nature of eco-evolutionary feedbacks.
Coastal areas have been increasingly affected by human activities, marine pollution and climate change are among the most important pressures affecting these environments. Human-induced pressures ...occur in a cumulative way and generate additive, antagonistic or synergistic effects. Knowledge on synergistic effects is crucial to coastal zone management, since they may imply a change in human uses of these systems, as well as dedicated action plans in order to reduce hazards and environmental risks. In this work, we provide an overview of the available literature on synergistic effects between climate change and chemical pollution, and discuss current knowledge, methodological approaches, and research gaps and needs. Interactions between these two pressures may be climate change dominant (climate change leads to an increase in contaminant exposure or toxicity) or contaminant-dominant (chemical exposure leads to an increase in climate change susceptibility), but the mechanistic drivers of such processes are not well known. Results from a few meta-analyses studies and reviews showed that synergistic interactions tend to be more frequent compared to additive and antagonistic ones. However, most of the studies are individual-based and assess the cumulative effects of a few contaminants individually in laboratory settings together with few climate variables, particularly temperature and pH. Nevertheless, a wide diversity of contaminants have already been individually tested, spanning from metals, persistent organic pollutants and, more recently, emergent pollutants. Population and community based approaches are less frequent but have generated very interesting and more holistic perspectives. Methodological approaches are quite diverse, from laboratory studies to mesocosm and field studies, or based on statistical or modelling tools, each with their own potential and limitations. More holistic comparisons integrating several pressures and their combinations and a multitude of habitats, taxa, life-stages, among others, are needed, as well as insights from meta-analyses and systematic reviews.
Noise pollution is an anthropogenic stressor that is increasingly recognized for its negative impact on the physiology, behavior and fitness of marine organisms. Driven by the recent expansion of ...maritime shipping, artisanal fishing and tourism (e.g., motorboats used for recreational purpose), underwater noise increased greatly on coral reefs. In this review, we first provide an overview on how reef organisms sense and use sound. Thereafter we review the current knowledge on how underwater noise affects different reef organisms. Although the majority of available examples are limited to few fish species, we emphasize how the impact of noise differs based on an organisms' acoustic sensitivity, mobility and developmental stage, as well as between noise type, source and duration. Finally, we highlight measures available to governments, the shipping industry and individual users and provide directions for polices and research aimed to manage this global issue of noise emission on coral reefs.
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•Natural soundscape is an essential property of any ecosystem, including coral reefs.•Underwater noise pollution, mainly from vessels, causes major disturbances to reef organisms.•We review the impacts of underwater noise pollution on the physiology and behavior of reef organisms.•We provide guidance for policy makers on how to mitigate noise pollution on reefs.•We suggest sound to be used in coral reef monitoring.
Non-Saccharomyces yeasts have increasingly been used in vinification recently. This is particularly true of Torulaspora delbrueckii and Metschnikowia pulcherrima, which are inoculated before S. ...cerevisiae, to complete a sequential alcoholic fermentation. This paper aims to study the effects of these two non-Saccharomyces yeasts on malolactic fermentation (MLF) carried out by two strains of Oenococcus oeni, under cellar conditions. Oenological parameters, and volatile and phenolic compounds were analysed in wines. The wines were tasted, and the microorganisms identified. In general, non-Saccharomyces created more MLF friendly conditions, largely because of lower concentrations of SO2 and medium chain fatty acids. The most favourable results were observed in wines inoculated with T. delbrueckii, that seemed to promote the development of O. oeni and improve MLF performance.
•Effect of two non-Saccharomyces on MLF in white and red winemaking was evaluated.•MLF was faster in most of the wines inoculated with non-Saccharomyces.•SO2 and MCFA concentrations were lower when non-Saccharomyces were used.•The fastest MLF was observed in white wines inoculated with T. delbrueckii.•T. delbrueckii enhanced the diversity of O. oeni strains in red wines.
The widespread use of cardiac implantable electronic devices and wearable monitors has led to the detection of subclinical atrial fibrillation in a substantial proportion of patients. There is ...evidence that these asymptomatic arrhythmias are associated with increased risk of stroke. Thus, detection of subclinical atrial fibrillation may offer an opportunity to reduce stroke risk by initiating anticoagulation. However, it is unknown whether long-term anticoagulation is warranted and in what populations. This scientific statement explores the existing data on the prevalence, clinical significance, and management of subclinical atrial fibrillation and identifies current gaps in knowledge and areas of controversy and consensus.
The nutritional diversity of resources can affect the adaptive evolution of consumer metabolism and consumer diversification. The omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid ...(EPA; 20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n‐3) have a high potential to affect consumer fitness, through their widespread effects on reproduction, growth and survival. However, few studies consider the evolution of fatty acid metabolism within an ecological context. In this review, we first document the extensive diversity in both primary producer and consumer fatty acid distributions amongst major ecosystems, between habitats and amongst species within habitats. We highlight some of the key nutritional contrasts that can shape behavioural and/or metabolic adaptation in consumers, discussing how consumers can evolve in response to the spatial, seasonal and community‐level variation of resource quality. We propose a hierarchical trait‐based approach for studying the evolution of consumers’ metabolic networks and review the evolutionary genetic mechanisms underpinning consumer adaptation to EPA and DHA distributions. In doing so, we consider how the metabolic traits of consumers are hierarchically structured, from cell membrane function to maternal investment, and have strongly environment‐dependent expression. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on how studying the metabolic adaptation of consumers within the context of nutritional landscapes can open up new opportunities for understanding evolutionary diversification.
Here, we review how the nutritional diversity of resources can affect the adaptive evolution of consumer metabolism and consumer diversification. We document the extensive diversity in fatty acid distributions amongst major ecosystems and habitats, highlighting some of the key nutritional contrasts that can shape behavioural and/or metabolic adaptation in consumers. We also propose a hierarchical trait‐based approach for studying the evolution of consumers’ metabolic networks and review the evolutionary genetic mechanisms underpinning consumer adaptation to fatty acid distributions.
Angioedema after t-PA Infusion Leal Rato, Miguel; Carvalho Dias, Mariana
The New England journal of medicine,
2020-Jun-18, Letnik:
382, Številka:
25
Journal Article
The bioeconomy is a new paradigm for the sustainable development of society. Novel uses of blue bioresources and biotechnology solutions, co-created with value chain stakeholders, accelerate the ...bioeconomy, foster innovation, and promote novel circular business models. Bottom-up approaches sharing visions, needs, and expertise are key to the successful implementation of bioeconomy initiatives.
Light spectrum plays a key role in the biology of symbiotic corals, with blue light resulting in higher coral growth, zooxanthellae density, chlorophyll a content and photosynthesis rates as compared ...to red light. However, it is still unclear whether these physiological processes are blue-enhanced or red-repressed. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of blue and red light on the health, zooxanthellae density, photophysiology and colouration of the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata over 6 weeks. Coral fragments were exposed to blue, red, and combined 50/50% blue red light, at two irradiance levels (128 and 256 μmol m(-2) s(-1)). Light spectrum affected the health/survival, zooxanthellae density, and NDVI (a proxy for chlorophyll a content) of S. pistillata. Blue light resulted in highest survival rates, whereas red light resulted in low survival at 256 μmol m(-2) s(-1). Blue light also resulted in higher zooxanthellae densities compared to red light at 256 μmol m(-2) s(-1), and a higher NDVI compared to red and combined blue red light. Overall, our results suggest that red light negatively affects the health, survival, symbiont density and NDVI of S. pistillata, with a dominance of red over blue light for NDVI.
Background:
The effect of smoking on the resolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with aquaporin-4 positive antibody ...(NMOSD-AQP4) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) has not been studied before.
Objective:
We aimed to determine the effect of smoking on lesion resolution in MRI and assess its correlation with clinical recovery after a relapse.
Methods:
We conducted a cohort study including NMOSD-AQP4 and MOGAD patients with acute and follow-up MRI scans. We collected demographic, clinical, imaging and smoking data. Logistic regression models were fitted to predict the effect of smoking on lesion resolution and to assess whether clinical recovery was associated with MRI lesion resolution.
Results:
A total of 105 patients were included (57 with NMOSD-AQP4 and 48 with MOGAD). Current and past smoking was associated with a higher risk of persistent lesions in NMOSD-AQP4 and MOGAD (risk ratio (RR) = 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.5–4.7, p < 0.001). Additionally, the presence of lesion resolution was associated with better clinical recovery (RR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.7–2.2, p < 0.001).
Conclusion:
Smoking is associated with worse MRI lesion resolution in patients with NMOSD-AQP4 and MOGAD, and lesion resolution correlates with clinical recovery. Our findings suggest a detrimental effect of smoking in inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
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