Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15-20% of all breast cancers and is characterized by an aggressive nature and a high rate of recurrence despite neoadjuvant and adjuvant ...chemotherapy. Although novel agents are constantly being introduced for the treatment of breast cancer, conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy based on anthracyclines and taxanes is the mainstay treatment option for TNBC. Based on CTNeoBC pooled analysis data, the achievement of pathologic CR (pCR) in TNBC is directly linked to improved survival outcomes. Therefore, the treatment paradigm for early TNBC has shifted to neoadjuvant treatment, and the escalation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to improve the pCR rate and the addition of post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy to control the residual disease have been investigated. In this article, we review the current treatment landscape for early TNBC, from standard cytotoxic chemotherapy to recent data on immune checkpoint inhibitors, capecitabine, and olaparib.
The valley degree of freedom of electrons in solids has been proposed as a new type of information carrier, beyond the electron charge and spin. The potential of two-dimensional semiconductor ...transition metal dichalcogenides in valley-based electronic and optoelectronic applications has recently been illustrated through experimental demonstrations of the optical orientation of the valley polarization and of the valley Hall effect in monolayer MoS2. However, the valley Hall conductivity in monolayer MoS2, a non-centrosymmetric crystal, cannot be easily tuned, which presents a challenge for the development of valley-based applications. Here, we show that the valley Hall effect in bilayer MoS2 transistors can be controlled with a gate voltage. The gate applies an electric field perpendicular to the plane of the material, breaking the inversion symmetry present in bilayer MoS2. The valley polarization induced by the longitudinal electrical current was imaged with Kerr rotation microscopy. The polarization was found to be present only near the edges of the device channel with opposite sign for the two edges, and was out-of-plane and strongly dependent on the gate voltage. Our observations are consistent with symmetry-dependent Berry curvature and valley Hall conductivity in bilayer MoS2.
•Informativeness and advertising creativity were the key drivers of favorable behavioral responses to an SNS ad.•Perceived herd behavior had an indirect impact on intention to express ...empathy.•Privacy concerns negatively influenced user intention to express empathy for an SNS ad.•Attitude and subjective norm were positively related to user intention to express empathy for the given SNS ad.•Intention to express empathy positively influenced purchase intention.
As social network services become more pervasive, social media advertising emerges as an attractive vehicle for augmenting advertising effectiveness. To leverage this new means of marketing, one must understand what engages SNS users in a favorable online behavior (i.e., overtly indicating personal interest in, or support for, the exposed message by clicking the Like or Share button in Facebook), thereby resulting in an effective advertising campaign. This research conceptualizes SNS ad effectiveness as a concept encompassing emotional appeal, informativeness and creativity that all have a potential to contribute to a positive online behavior. It empirically investigates the antecedents of positive user behavior for a SNS ad based on the theory of reasoned action, the social influence theory, and a persuasion theory. It proposes and tests a conceptual model of the formation of online user’s behavioral responses with regards to SNS advertising. The results of our empirical tests of the model reveal that informativeness and advertising creativity were key drivers of favorable behavioral responses to an SNS ad and that intention to engage in favorable user responses was positively associated with purchase intention. Based on these findings, the paper suggests further research directions and offers implications for harnessing the full potential of the new SNS advertising platform.
Conspectus All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are considered to be a next-generation energy storage concept that offers enhanced safety and potentially high energy density. The identification of solid ...electrolytes (SEs) with high ionic conductivity was the stepping-stone that enabled the recent surge in activity in this research area. Among the various types of SEs, including those based on oxides, sulfides, polymers, and hybrids thereof, sulfide-based SEs have gained discernible attention owing to their exceptional room temperature ionic conductivity comparable even to those of their liquid electrolyte counterparts. Moreover, the good deformability of sulfide SEs renders them suitable for reducing the interfacial resistance between particles, thereby obviating the need for high-temperature sintering. Nevertheless, sulfide-based ASSB technology still remains at the research stage without any manufacturing schemes having been established. This state of affairs originates from the complex challenges presented by various aspects of these SEs: their weak stability in air, questions surrounding the exact combination of slurry solvent and polymeric binder for solution-based electrode fabrication, their high interfacial resistance resulting from solid particle contacts, and limited scalability with respect to electrode fabrication and cell assembly. In this Account, we review recent developments in which these issues were addressed by starting with the materials and moving on to processing, focusing on new trials. As for enhancing the air stability of sulfide SEs, strengthening the metal–sulfur bond based on the hard–soft acid–base (HSAB) theory has yielded the most notable results, although the resulting sacrificed energy density and weakened anode interface stability would need to be resolved. Novel electrode fabrication techniques that endeavor to overcome the critical issues originating from the use of sulfide SEs are subsequently introduced. The wet chemical coating process can take advantage of the know-how and facilities inherited from the more established lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the dilemmatic matter of contention relating to the polarity mismatch among the slurry solvent, SE, and binder requires attention. Recent solutions to these problems involved the exploration of various emerging concepts, such as polarity switching during electrode fabrication, fine polarity tuning by accurate grafting, and infiltration of the electrode voids by a solution of the SE. The process of using a dry film with a fibrous binder has also raised interest, motivated by lowering the manufacturing cost, maintaining the environment, and boosting the volumetric energy density. Finally, optimization of the cell assembly and operation is reviewed. In particular, the application of external pressure to each unit cell has been universally adopted both in the fabrication step and during cell operation to realize high cell performance. The effect of pressurization is discussed by correlating it with the interface stability and robust interparticle contacts. Based on the significant progress that has been made thus far, we aim to encourage the battery community to engage their wide-ranging expertise toward advancing sulfide-based ASSBs that are practically feasible.
This study examines the social network of the learner relationships and online interactions in a graduate course using weblogs for writing and sharing weekly reflective journals during a 16-week ...semester. The social network data of the learner relationships were gathered twice by measuring learners' perceived emotional closeness with other learners. In terms of the online interactions among the learners, the numbers of replies that individual learners had posted to and received from others' postings were respectively calculated and analyzed. The findings from these measures indicated that the social network patterns and values as measured by peer relationships were noticeably changed at the end of the semester, when compared to that at the beginning. The impact of blogging activities on such changes was supported by correlational analysis between the peer relationships in the social network and online interactions through the learner blogs.
•The students agreed using blogs contributed to their learning and emotional closeness with peers. Adopting blogs expanded learning experience beyond limited class time.•The in- and out-degree centrality of each student significantly increased at the end of the course compared to that at the beginning.•The sense of learning community and peer connectedness fostered by the blogging was a key finding given that there was no collaborative assignments and class discussion.•The significant correlation between online interactions and peer closeness network values was confirmed.
This paper investigates communication problems facing teachers when they interact with students and parents from migrant backgrounds, and explores the need for quality language services in ...educational settings. According to a questionnaire-based survey of 142 elementary schoolteachers, about 20-25 per cent of respondents frequently experienced difficulties in communicating with students and parents who lacked Korean language proficiency. However, the teachers usually managed without outside assistance largely because of the lack of language support services. Effective communication is needed through the delivery of more language services to support children's learning, school education and parents' meaningful participation in both. Most teachers surveyed supported more effective language services in their schools, but were not very vocal in advocating for professional interpreting services. Instead, they tended to emphasise other forms of language and cultural training for multicultural students and their parents. This response may derive from their lack of experience with professional interpreting services, and a lack of awareness of the limited resources available for quality service provision or the influence of assimilation policies. The findings also indicate that teachers do not consider the interpreting and translation skills of language service providers as highly as cross-cultural mediation skills, understanding of the education system or interest in individual students' needs. The results call for further research into what would constitute best practice in educational interpreting to effectively mediate cultural differences between schools and multicultural families, and address the needs and concerns of teachers, students and parents from multicultural backgrounds.
•Dependability initiated and most governed driver trust in partial driving automation.•Continuous exposure to driving automation leads increases in the level of driver trust.•Driver trust can be ...guided by different dimensions of trust according to the levels of knowledge about driving automation and the type of automation failure.•Results have implications for developing driver training methods.
To prompt the use of driving automation in an appropriate and safe manner, system designers require knowledge about the dynamics of driver trust. To enhance this knowledge, this study manipulated prior information of a partial driving automation into two types (detailed and less) and investigated the effects of the information on the development of trust with respect to three trust attributions proposed by Muir (1994): predictability, dependability, and faith. Furthermore, a driving simulator generated two types of automation failures (limitation and malfunction), and at six instances during the study, 56 drivers completed questionnaires about their levels of trust in the automation. Statistical analysis found that trust ratings of automation steadily increased with the experience of simulation regardless of the drivers’ levels of knowledge. Automation failure led to a temporary decrease in trust ratings; however, the trust was rebuilt by a subsequent experience of flawless automation. Results showed that dependability was the most dominant belief of drivers’ trust throughout the whole experiment, regardless of their knowledge level. Interestingly, detailed analysis indicated that trust can be accounted by different attributions depending on the drivers’ circumstances: the subsequent experience of error-free automation after the exposure to automation failure led predictability to be a secondary predictive attribution of drivers’ trust in the detailed group whilst faith was consistently the secondary contributor to shaping trust in the less group throughout the experiment. These findings have implications for system design regarding transparency and for training methods and instruction aimed at improving driving safety in traffic environments with automated vehicles.
Color centers in two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) have recently emerged as stable and bright single-photon emitters (SPEs) operating at room temperature. In this study, we combine ...theory and experiment to show that vacancy-based SPEs selectively form at nanoscale wrinkles in h-BN with its optical dipole preferentially aligned to the wrinkle direction. By using density functional theory calculations, we find that the wrinkle’s curvature plays a crucial role in localizing vacancy-based SPE candidates and aligning the defect’s symmetry plane to the wrinkle direction. By performing optical measurements on SPEs created in h-BN single-crystal flakes, we experimentally confirm the wrinkle-induced generation of SPEs and their polarization alignment to the wrinkle direction. Our results not only provide a new route to controlling the atomic position and the optical property of the SPEs but also revealed the possible crystallographic origin of the SPEs in h-BN, greatly enhancing their potential for use in solid-state quantum photonics and quantum information processing.
Feedback is an essential part of all types of teaching and learning and interpreter training is no exception. This paper examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the feedback that student ...interpreters receive and give according to a questionnaire-based online survey of fifty-eight students enrolled at a conference interpreter training programme in Seoul. The results indicate that the participants generally appreciate the feedback generated by teachers and peer interaction. However, they value and trust teacher feedback far more than peer feedback, considering it more comprehensive, authoritative and hence most effective. The data analysis also reveals that students seek teacher attention and support relating to both academic and emotional needs. The findings indicate that teachers need to facilitate students’ learning through feedback, and that feedback is a complex task which requires further scholarly attention.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been considered a noninvasive and cost-effective modality for tumor treatment. However, the complexity of tumor microenvironments poses challenges to the implementation ...of traditional PDT. Here, we review recent advances in PDT to resolve the current problems. Major breakthroughs in PDTs are enabling significant progress in molecular medicine and are interconnected with innovative strategies based on smart bio/nanomaterials or therapeutic insights. We focus on newly developed PDT strategies designed by tailoring photosensitive reactive oxygen species generation, which include the use of proteinaceous photosensitizers, self-illumination, or oxygen-independent approaches. While these updated PDT platforms are expected to enable major advances in cancer treatment, addressing future challenges related to biosafety and target specificity is discussed throughout as a necessary goal to expand the usefulness of PDT.
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