Fine control over the physicochemical structures of carbon electrocatalysts is important for improving the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in rechargeable ...Zn–air batteries. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are considered good candidate carbon materials because their structures can be precisely controlled. However, it remains a challenge to impart bifunctional electrocatalytic activities for both the ORR and OER to COFs. Herein, a pyridine‐linked triazine covalent organic framework (PTCOF) with well‐defined active sites and pores is readily prepared under mild conditions, and its electronic structure is modulated by incorporating Co nanoparticles (CoNP‐PTCOF) to induce bifunctional electrocatalytic activities for the ORR and OER. The CoNP‐PTCOF exhibits lower overpotentials for both ORR and OER with outstanding stability. Computational simulations find that the p‐band center of CoNP‐PTCOF down‐shifted by charge transfer, compared to pristine PTCOF, facilitate the adsorption and desorption of oxygen intermediates on the pyridinic carbon active sites during the reactions. The Zn–air battery assembled with bifunctional CoNP‐PTCOF exhibits a small voltage gap of 0.83 V and superior durability for 720 cycles as compared with a battery containing commercial Pt/C and RuO2. This strategy for modulating COF electrocatalytic activities can be extended for designing diverse carbon electrocatalysts.
Pyridine‐linked triazine covalent organic framework (PTCOF) with well‐defined carbon active sites and pores is readily prepared, and its electronic structure is effectively modulated by incorporating Co nanoparticles into the framework (CoNP‐PTCOF) to improve the bifunctional electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in Zn–air batteries. A rechargeable Zn–air battery with bifunctional CoNP‐PTCOF exhibits outstanding performance with superior durability.
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•NAFLD was associated with HCC development.•NAFLD was associated with colorectal cancer development in males.•NAFLD was associated with breast cancer development in females.•High NFS ...and high FIB-4 score were associated with developing all cancers and HCC.
Little is known about the association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cancer development. This study investigated the cancer incidence rates in NAFLD and analysed the association between NAFLD and cancer development.
This historical cohort study included subjects who were followed up for >1 year after having a heath checkup at a tertiary hospital in Korea from September 1, 2004 to December 31, 2005. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonographic detection of hepatic steatosis in the absence of other known liver disease, including alcoholic or viral hepatitis. Cox proportional hazards regression model was conducted to assess the association between NAFLD and cancer development.
Of 25,947 subjects, 8,721 (33.6%) had NAFLD. During the total follow-up of 164,671 person-years (median 7.5 years), the cancer incidence rate of the NAFLD group was higher than that of the non-NAFLD group (782.9 vs. 592.8 per 100,000 person-years; hazard ratio HR 1.32; 95% confidence interval CI 1.17–1.49; p <0.001). When demographic and metabolic factors were adjusted for, NAFLD showed a strong association with three cancers: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; HR 16.73; 95% CI 2.09–133.85; p = 0.008), colorectal cancer in males (HR 2.01; 95% CI 1.10–3.68; p = 0.02), and breast cancer in females (HR 1.92; 95% CI 1.15–3.20; p = 0.01). A high NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) and a high fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score were associated with the development of all cancers and HCC.
NAFLD was associated with the development of HCC, colorectal cancer in males, and breast cancer in females. A high NFS and a high FIB-4 score showed a strong association with the development of all cancers and HCC.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There have been limited data on the association between NAFLD and extrahepatic cancers. This study demonstrated that patients with NAFLD showed a higher association with the development of HCC, colorectal cancer in males, and breast cancer in females. A high NAFLD fibrosis score and a high fibrosis-4 score showed a strong association with the development of all cancers and HCC.
Perovskite materials have garnered significant attention over the past decades due to their applications, not only in electronic materials, such as dielectrics, piezoelectrics, ferroelectrics, and ...superconductors but also in optoelectronic devices like solar cells and light emitting diodes. This interest arises from their versatile combinations and physiochemical tunability. While strain engineering is a recognized powerful tool for tailoring material properties, its collaborative impact on both oxides and halides remains understudied. Herein, strain engineering in perovskites for energy conversion devices, providing mutual insight into both oxides and halides is discussed. The various experimental methods are presented for applying strain by using thermal mismatch, lattice mismatch, defects, doping, light illumination, and flexible substrates. In addition, the main factors that are influenced by strain, categorized as structure (e.g., symmetry breaking, octahedral distortion), bandgap, chemical reactivity, and defect formation energy are described. After that, recent progress in strain engineering for perovskite oxides and halides for energy conversion devices is introduced. Promising methods for enhancing the performance of energy conversion devices using perovskites through strain engineering are suggested.
Oxide and halide perovskites play a key role in various energy conversion devices such as piezoelectric devices, catalysts, light emitting diodes, and photodetectors. This review covers the latest studies on strain engineering in both oxide and halide perovskites for energy conversion devices. The work provides a new insight that can lead breakthroughs for high performance energy conversion devices.
Neuromorphic computing, which mimics biological neural networks, can overcome the high‐power and large‐throughput problems of current von Neumann computing. Two‐terminal memristors are regarded as ...promising candidates for artificial synapses, which are the fundamental functional units of neuromorphic computing systems. All‐inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite‐based memristors are feasible to use in resistive switching memory and artificial synapses due to their fast ion migration. However, the ideal perovskite phase α‐CsPbI3 is structurally unstable at ambient temperature and rapidly degrades to a non‐perovskite δ‐CsPbI3 phase. Here, dual‐phase (Cs3Bi2I9)0.4−(CsPbI3)0.6 is successfully fabricated to achieve improved air stability and surface morphology compared to each single phase. Notably, the Ag/polymethylmethacrylate/(Cs3Bi2I9)0.4−(CsPbI3)0.6/Pt device exhibits non‐volatile memory functions with an endurance of ≈103 cycles and retention of ≈104 s with low operation voltages. Moreover, the device successfully emulates synaptic behavior such as long‐term potentiation/depression and spike timing/width‐dependent plasticity. This study will contribute to improving the structural and mechanical stability of all‐inorganic halide perovskites (IHPs) via the formation of dual phase. In addition, it proves the great potential of IHPs for use in low‐power non‐volatile memory devices and electronic synapses.
Neuromorphic computing, which emulates neurotransmission processes, could overcome the limitations of current von Neumann computing. In this study, a two‐terminal Ag/polymethylmethacrylate/(Cs3Bi2I9)0.4−(CsPbI3)0.6/Pt device successfully realizes resistive switching characteristics and synaptic behavior. The device exhibits great potential for neuromorphic computing and next‐generation non‐volatile memories. Moreover, this study will contribute to enhancing the stability of all‐inorganic halide perovskites via the formation of a dual phase.
Organic solid electrolytes offer an effective route for safe and high‐energy‐density all‐solid‐state Li metal batteries. However, it remains a challenge to devise a new strategy to promote the ...dissociation of strong ion pairs and the transport of ionic components in organic solid electrolytes. Herein, a zwitterionic covalent organic framework (Zwitt‐COF) with well‐defined chemical and pore structures is prepared as a solid electrolyte capable of accelerating the dissociation and transport of Li ions. The Zwitt‐COF solid electrolyte exhibits a high room‐temperature ionic conductivity of 1.65 × 10−4 S cm−1 with a wide electrochemical stability window. Besides, the Zwitt‐COF solid electrolyte displays stable Li plating/stripping behavior via effective inhibition of the formation of Li dendrites and dead Li, leading to superior long‐term cycle performance with retention of 99% discharge capacity and 98% Coulombic efficiency in an all‐solid‐state Li‐metal battery. Theoretical simulations reveal that the incorporation of zwitterionic groups into COF can facilitate the dissociation of strong ion pairs and reconstruct the AA‐stacking configuration by dissociative adsorption of Li+ ions on Zwitt‐COF producing linear hexagonal ion channels in the Zwitt‐COF solid electrolyte. This strategy based on Zwitt‐COF can provide an alternative way to construct various solid‐state Li batteries.
A zwitterionic covalent organic framework (Zwitt‐COF) is developed as a solid electrolyte for all‐solid‐state Li‐metal batteries. The Zwitt‐COF solid electrolyte exhibits a high room‐temperature ionic conductivity with a wide electrochemical window, leading to superior long‐term cycle performance in the battery. Theoretical simulations reveal that Zwitt‐COF promotes the dissociation of Li‐ion pairs and provides ion channels for effective Li+ transport.
Organometallic and all‐inorganic halide perovskites (HPs) have recently emerged as promising candidate materials for resistive switching (RS) nonvolatile memory due to their current–voltage ...hysteresis caused by fast ion migration. Lead‐free and all‐inorganic HPs have been researched for non‐toxic and environmentally friendly RS memory devices. However, only HP‐based devices with electrochemically active top electrode (TE) exhibit ultra‐low operating voltages and high on/off ratio RS properties. The active TE easily reacts to halide ions in HP films, and the devices have a low device durability. Herein, RS memory devices based on an air‐stable lead‐free all‐inorganic dual‐phase HP (AgBi2I7‐Cs3Bi2I9) are successfully fabricated with inert metal electrodes. The devices with Au TE show filamentary RS behavior by conducting‐bridge involving Ag cations in HPs with ultra‐low operating voltages (<0.15 V), high on/off ratio (>107), multilevel data storage, and long retention times (>5 × 104 s). The use of a closed‐loop pulse switching method improves reversible RS properties up to 103 cycles with high on/off ratio above 106. With an extremely small bending radius of 1 mm, the devices are operable with reasonable RS characteristics. This work provides a promising material strategy for lead‐free all‐inorganic HP‐based nonvolatile memory devices for practical applications.
Preconditioned resistive switching (RS) memory devices with inert metal electrodes are successfully fabricated using lead‐free dual‐phase halide perovskites (HPs). The devices show filamentary RS behaviors with ultra‐low operating voltages, high on/off ratio, multilevel data storage, long retention times, and high endurance. High flexibility and air‐stability provide a promising material strategy for the design of lead‐free all‐inorganic HP‐based nonvolatile memory devices.
Targeted protein degradation allows targeting undruggable proteins for therapeutic applications as well as eliminating proteins of interest for research purposes. While several degraders that harness ...the proteasome or the lysosome have been developed, a technology that simultaneously degrades targets and accelerates cellular autophagic flux is still missing. In this study, we develop a general chemical tool and platform technology termed AUTOphagy-TArgeting Chimera (AUTOTAC), which employs bifunctional molecules composed of target-binding ligands linked to autophagy-targeting ligands. AUTOTACs bind the ZZ domain of the otherwise dormant autophagy receptor p62/Sequestosome-1/SQSTM1, which is activated into oligomeric bodies in complex with targets for their sequestration and degradation. We use AUTOTACs to degrade various oncoproteins and degradation-resistant aggregates in neurodegeneration at nanomolar DC
values in vitro and in vivo. AUTOTAC provides a platform for selective proteolysis in basic research and drug development.
The widespread adoption of Li‐ion batteries is currently limited by their unstable electrochemical performance and high flammability under mechanical deformation conditions and a relatively low ...energy density. Herein, high‐energy‐density lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are developed for applications in next‐generation flexible electronics and electric vehicles with long cruising distances. Freestanding high‐S‐loading carbon nanotubes cathodes are assembled with a phosphorus (P)‐doped carbon interlayer coated on commercial separators. Strategies for the active materials and structural design of both the electrodes and separators are highly efficient for immobilizing the lithium polysulfides via multimodal capturing effects; they significantly improve the electrochemical performance in terms of the redox kinetics and cycling stability. The foldable Li–S cells show stable specific capacities of 850 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles, achieving high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of 387 Wh kgcell−1 and 395 Wh Lcell−1, respectively. The Li–S cells show highly durable mechanical flexibilities under severe deformation conditions without short circuit or failure. Finally, the Li–S battery is explored as a light‐weight and flexible energy storage device aboard airplane drones to ensure at least fivefold longer flight times than traditional Li‐ion batteries. Nanocarbon‐based S cathodes and P‐doped carbon interlayers offer a promising solution for commercializing rechargeable Li–S batteries.
High‐energy‐density flexible lithium‐sulfur (Li–S) batteries are developed with high‐S‐loading freestanding cathodes and P‐doped carbon interlayers on a polyethylene membrane. The multimodal capturing effect via simultaneous physical trapping in micro/mesopores of carbon mixtures, and strong chemical interactions between phosphorus and lithium polysulfides, is highly efficient for immobilizing the polysulfide; thus, leading to significantly improved electrochemical performance for next‐generation flexible/portable electronics.
Background & Aims Little is known about whether surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is worthwhile in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients who have achieved HBsAg ...seroclearance. Methods A retrospective analysis of 829 patients (mean age: 52.3 years; 575 males; 98 with cirrhosis) achieving HBsAg seroclearance was performed at a tertiary hospital in Korea between 1997 and 2012. We evaluated incidence rates of HCC, and validated CU-HCC score based on data at the time of HBsAg seroclearance. Results During a follow-up of 3464 patient-years, 19 patients developed HCC (annual rate: 0.55%). Liver cirrhosis (hazard ratio HR: 10.80; 95% confidence interval CI: 4.25–27.43), male gender (HR: 8.96; 95% CI: 1.17–68.80), and age ⩾50 years at the time of HBsAg seroclearance (HR: 12.14; 95% CI: 1.61–91.68) were independently associated with HCC. The estimated annual incidence of HCC was 2.85% and 0.29% in patients with and without cirrhosis, respectively. Among the non-cirrhotic patients, the annual rate of HCC was higher in the male patients than in the females (0.40% vs. 0%, respectively), and all the HCCs developed after age 50. The time-dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the CU-HCC score for 5 year and 10 year HCC prediction were 0.85 and 0.74, respectively. Conclusions HCC surveillance should be considered for cirrhotic patients and non-cirrhotic male patients over age 50, even after HBsAg seroclearance, especially those infected with HBV genotype C. HBsAg seroclearance at age ⩾50 years was also an independent predictor for HCC.
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